Singapore Airlines Business And Management Strategies Tourism Essay

capital of capital of capital of capital of capital of capital of capital of capital of Singapore Airlines Business And Management St arrangegies Tourism EssayThe purpose and objective of this report is to look into the communication channel and management strategies of Singapore Airlines. Thing that I testament be looking into would be the different ch solelyenges and threats that Singapore Airline count and excessively I testament be sharing on how and what kind of schema they habituated to survive and be on top of the competition. I all(prenominal)ow be using pulverization analysis to analyze Singapore Airlines strategies, to give an in-depth understanding on what argon the contributing factors that helps or cripples the company.Table of ContentsIntroduction 3Strategies of Singapore Airlines assistance strategy 4Human Resource Management and Marketing strategies 5Competitive challenges faced by Singapore Airlines 6How did Singapore Airlines outstand their challengers 7 w ind alliance 7Cargo alliance with Lufthansa 7Cost reduction 7Problem Singapore Airlines might face in the succeeding(a) 8SWOT analyze of Singapore AirlinesStrengthBranding 9Quality of assistances 9Weakness 9Opportunity 10Threat 10Analysis of SWOT 10Recommendation/conclusion for the report 11References 12IntroductionA brief introduction to Singapore Airlines on how it is ashes and what difficulties the company faced at eldest.Singapore Airlines was found in 1947 with Malaysian Airlines (known as Malayan at that time), it was a joint venture between the Malaysia and Singapore government, placing their help mainly in the South East Asia region. Singapore Airlines is considered genius of the domains best air ducts travelling up to 93 destinations and 38 countries. subsequently Singapore disjointed from Malaysia in 1965 and both governments coincide to set up different airlines. Thus, Singapore Airlines was born in 1972.Different from most some other airlines, Singapore Airline s was at a disadvantage locate as comp atomic number 18d to them. What causes this is because it is due to that Singapore Airline is not given the choice of domestic routes to serve, as Singapore itself it too small, so Singapore Airlines is force to compete with international airlines for routes the moment it starts its business. The things to compete for are like getting access to terminals, securing flights slots and landing rights, and withal trying to draw in a new guest base. Not like most state-owned entities, Singapore Airlines was force into to massive competition from the start of its business. Using this as motivational factor, it led and brings Singapore Airlines competitive spirit to an incomparable level and also the dedication to make a good faulting of Singapore Airline be better than any service sector. These factors have stayed within the company acting as the core and since then, it has shown to serve the airline very surface, allowing them to overcome any c hallenges.It was shown that Singapore Airlines earned a profit of $253 million in April to June 2010. This was a complete change of $560 million from the loss of $307 million recorded in the same quarter a yr ago. 1Strategies Singapore Airlines used to achieve victorService StrategiesSingapore Airlines is known as one of the greatest and popular brands in the international business world. Singapore Airlines is also well respected as an airline that capable of providing one of the best flight services in the world. They are not only well known for its brand but also on its service quality, beating other famous airlines such(prenominal) as Fly Emirates, Qantas and British AirlinesThe first opinion that I would dowry on is about the service process. This is a factor which has ever so has been presenting at its best by the entire cabin clustering for the passengers up till present. The service is being personified in the Singapore girl figure, which is the air stewardess of the ai rline. The Singapore girl consistent visual advertising slogan employ to depictions of stewardesses of Singapore Airlines dressed in distinctive our Malay ethnic costume sarong Kebaya. This has been representing as the icon of the service guarantee and the exciting and unforgettable flight experience.Secondly, what contributes to the Singapore airlines glory is their strategy where they are always keeping the innovative edge detailly on the in-flight services. The Singapore airlines is the first airlines that brings in the personal system of the pleasure system and video on-demand for every seat. It is called the Krisworld. Apart from that, they are also the first airlines who introduce the seat configuration that brings maximum encourage to the passengers. Recently, they also introduce the first suite class in the commercial airlines which is the A380, a class that designed exactly as the five star hotel room, completed with the private compartment which also brings the comfort level even higher(prenominal)er.Thirdly, Singapore airlines consistently use new airplanes for one purpose. It is to enable a lower cost of operational as it is cheaper and more good to maintain boylikeer airplanes as compared to older airplanes. This helps in cutting down the cost for Singapore airlines in the financial aspect.Using those three strategies point, the excellent service, the pertinacity innovation, and the technology superiority, this is why Singapore Airlines is always remaining as one of the best airlines.Human Resource Management and Marketing StrategiesThe Singapore airlines make use of a Human option management policy where productivity is closely related with motivational policies for employees to provide better service and productivity. It is to say that higher income particular are more likely than lower income particular to report them at higher sense of satisfaction. This practice is found in Singapore airlines where human resource management in Singap ore airlines approaches viewing performance management as to further improve the particular performance through assessing past performance and recognize them in purely financial terms.The most important and different marking strategy exploited by Singapore Airlines is ground on their quality of jut and service of Singapore girl. The Singapore Girl is essential part of this brand image. One of the Singapore Girl core value is having the mindset of approachable customer orientated staff delivering better quality of customer service. This has become the most important competitive advantage for Singapore Airlines, because Singapore Girls hindquarters be considered as the frontline behind the success of the achievement. In vow to retain its customers, staff trainings and development programs have been implied to the employees. To ensure the professional service amongst employees, they also have to attend lyric poem courses and attitudinal programmes. Global customers are high due to the awareness of the Singapore Girl image.The effective marketing strategy helped Singapore airlines to reduce their cost pressures in order for them to compete in the airline industry through value adding targeted market division. Using the Singapore Girl as an icon for Singapore airlines has boost Singapore Airlines competitive position in the industry.Competitive challenges faced by the Singapore airlineAirline industry has seen many changes and competition are stronger and fiercer than ever. Ranging from business and economical class flights to low-cost flights and the coupled with economic downturn, the competition between the airline industry is remarkably high. Some of the low-cost flights operators such as Ryanair, an Irish low-cost airline, are more flexible in responding to increase the cost pressure on profitability which set a threat to Singapore airline trading operations and growing.Singapore airlines acted to these pressures and thus invested in newer technology in order to maintain its cost levels while trying to not sacrifice any customer service quality in order to achieve profitability. One concern caused at this stage in considering changing the consumer behaviour and attitudes towards flying in Singapore Airlines are related to what extent Singapore Airlines will be able to preserve and enhance its brand image of customer service. Continuous cost pressure such as increase in fuel prices as well as operational costs related to enhanced security will continue to be a challenge for Singapore airlines in preserving profitability in competing with budget operators. If budget operators to date have been either locally or regionally based should operators like Ryanair by expanding to provide international journeys, this will create huge threat to Singapore airlines in terms of competition for long-haul passengers.Due to the economic downturn, consumers are leaning towards the area of low pricing of low-cost flights. Some notable competitors that Singapore Airlines are facing would be Cathay Pacific, Ryanair and the Malaysian Airlines.How did Singapore airline outstand their competitors?Singapore airlines increased its network via code-sharing with members of Star alliance marketing partnership including Lufthansa and united airlines. Code-sharing allows airlines to sell tickets on one anothers flight and this will offer service to additional destinations.Star AlliancePartnership with star alliance allows Singapore airline to develop and improve operations, facilitates and processes and able to provide access to new capabilities as well as new knowledge and new technologies. The major airline part of star alliance marketing partnership which includes Lufthansa, united airlines, Thai airways and Singapore airlines. These legal agreement linkages are designed to meet the different needs for expanding worldwide through marketing linkages, without acquiring the costs involved in major fleet investments.Cargo alliance with LufthansaPartnership between Scandinavian Airliness cargo, Lufthansa and Singapore Airlines where this operation marketed under the brand name WOW. Expands are made including the carriers services as well as information technology and cargo handling. This alliance will help both airlines to expand their market to even wider area over the world where they did not have it earlier on.Cost ReductionSingapore airline has been seeing an increasing of its profit by starting new alliances with more other airlines. SIA has benefited in three ways. The first would be the success of getting the economies of scale through the joint operations of air and ground services. Secondly, scope which is through increased reach and efficient connections and lastly, the increased in traffic density through network expansion and additional traffic feed.Problems Singapore airline might face in the futureSingapore airlines have an alliance with united airlines where it is now operating under bankruptcy prote ction. This alliance may face difficulties in the future and also have a reduction in the market share in the US sector. If something happen to the alliance, it will affect Singapore airline greatly. And in that respect will also be bigger carriers that will be developing from each group of alliances. Big giants of the airline industry are combining and this will soon become a threat to other airlines.Lack of clear goals and objectivesSingapore Airlines might also face the problem of having a partner who neglect of clear goals and objective. It had faced similar problems with the American carrier delta and Swiss air, thus had to leave the tri alliance. Reasons for such failure are mainly is because of different objectives, inability to share risk and lack of trust towards the different companies.SWOT analysis of Singapore AirlinesStrengthBrandingSingapore airline is well known for its branding from all over the world. Singapore airline is the one that has the most profit internati onally. It is the strong brand management that driven primarily by its top management. Singapore airlines brand is unique in the way that the boardroom takes commitment of leadership of the brand strategy unlike many other airlines. The Singapore Airlines keeps enhancing innovation as an important part of the brand, and the ambience and experience are key factors of their success today.Quality of serviceThe quality of service of Singapore airline plays a very authoritative part in the strength of the company. Behind the professional performance of cabin crews, Singapore airline gives their entire cabin crew rapid trainings to maintain their high quality of service. They constantly educate their cabin crew including Singapore girl, in order to fulfil the world class airlines service standard. This is why Singapore airlines is always at the top at customer satisfaction survey about in-flight service observed by the independent institution.WeaknessesHeavy, on-going investments and hig h costs.Singapore airlines has dedicated itself powerfully to positioning branding name and quality of services, and in order to maintain the high standard, it is of a high financial costs. By purchasing of new and young aircrafts, it proves to have a bigger fleet quadruplet and thus will create a high parking and maintenance cost. All these expenditure will be a weakness in down times.OpportunitiesThe expansion into key aviation markets has provide Singapore airline to break through its limited space as compared to before, and this will increase market shares worldwide. Alliances, code-sharing with other aviation company increases Singapore airlines prospect to provide better services and also to cut costs.ThreatsAfter terrorist attack on September 2001 in united state, it has been confronted with a tremendous decline in international tourism. The airline industry became more competitive in Asian region as there are more than thirty country operate around thousand of airline comp any. Singapore airline is one of the operating Asian region as well as in Europe and American region. This has affected the travel density for Singapore airlines.The outbreak of H1N1 is also a huge threat to Singapore airline as people are in fear of travelling overseas due to the infection rate and highly contagious nature of the virus. And to add on to the bad news and misfortune, one for our Singapore airline flight attendances is also first cabin crew to be contracted with H1N1. This has tremendously affected the airline.Analysis of SWOTOpportunities of Singapore airlines can help to overcome their weaknesses. Their weaknesses is mainly high costs and heavy, on-going investments. By having the opportunity to partnership with other companies this help to cut cost. Alliances, code-sharing with other aviation company increases Singapore airlines opportunity to provide better services and also to cut costs. Singapore airlines threat can also be overcome by the company strength which is quality of service and branding. The competitive advantage of Singapore airline has achieved sustainable competitive advantage. Singapore airlines have consistently outdo its competitors since the time it was born, and still retaining high standard and services for customers.The major factor of Singapore airlines competitive success that it managed to drive skilfully between poles that most companies think of as different. This includes delivering best service in a cost-effective way, at cost levels lower that they are comparable to budget airlines in the world.Recommendation/conclusion for the reportWhat recommendations I have for Singapore airlines are as the following.I think that Singapore can make use of the most number of benefits by the existing alliances and equally contributing to the partners by services or other benefits. If not, Singapore airlines can also prefer to have fewer partnership in the industry and add more to the destination, more aircrafts and customer se rvice which will make them sustain their position of being the best. I believe that they should continue working on its branding and providing excellent service which is meant to maintain customer satisfactory level, and continue having strong hands at the expense of costs.They should maintain what they are now like their branding name and quality of service and if they were to switching to different market, this would provide risky results if their strategy fails. This will prove fatal to the company as there are also other companies that are also have established their names in the market. Through researching on Singapore airlines, it seems to me that the core of their success in the near future would be dependent on their innovativeness, this is because it has come to a point where all the airline are providing almost the same thing. Things like technology can be easily obtain by any other different companies.

Role of Training and Development in Employee Empowerment

Role of Training and Development in Employee EmpowermentResearch ObjectiveThe main objective of my sermon is to analyse how facts of life and empowerment assist organization in the hospitality industry in general and the Hilton Group in particular gain the such(prenominal) collected strategic advantage over their competitors and help them gain and sustain market share in the long run.The language impart also render the various actions that are may be initiated by organizations in the hospitality industry to chance on higher levels of empowerment within its workforce without compromising on its internal controls.Research QuestionsWhat is the role of training and development in employee empowerment at the Hilton Hotels?Why is empowerment necessary in the running of Hotels, with particular citation to the Hilton Hotel Chain?What strategies or policies are pursued by organizations to enable them improve the level of skills and knowledge of their employees to meet emerging chall enges?The address will also look for to answer the following questions Does active implementation of training and learning policies lead to the empowerment of employees? What is the meaning of empowerment of employees within an organizations setting? What are the likely benefits of charge workforce to the organization?Even though a sight of research may have been d 1 in related or similar topics, this dissertation will objectively examine the findings of otherwise researchers on similar topics, critique their findings and arguments and build a neutral position that may stand the test of entire independent analysis and that is in line with the current theories of HRM and management in general.The Context(s)The hospitality industry in the UK has often been faced with many challenges which on one hand, prompted employees to be more responsive to the challenges they face and on the other hand, challenged industry players to remain competitive in the wake of aggressive competition from competitors. This industry, in particular, benefits and integrates their employees and other human resources (providing the industrys services) with the structural and integral part of the organizational strategy as a strategic partner. This allows companies such as the Hilton plc. to invest in people, train them in order to prosper and survive within the competitive environment.Other challenges for this industry include the ever changing demands of consumers tastes and preferences, rising demand for extra services, thus securely to accommodate. Additionally these customers preferences has made it practically unviable to continue with the old ways of doing business as it present many obvious risks of losing clients to more dynamic competitors. indeed training and empowering employees will help reduce these risks in or so way or another.The Hilton Group Plc. is made up of some 500 hotels located in some 50 countries across all regions of the world (DAnnunzio-Green, Maxwell Watson, 2004). The Hotel presently employs over 60,000 employees in its worldwide operation and has a management structure divided in to the key regions of its operations, with each region headed by a president, all answerable to the board of directors (DAnnunzio-Green, et al, 2004).The terms training, education, development and learning may appear synonymous and be used interchangeably in other applications, but from HRD point of view, they are different but also mutually inclusive (Buckley Caple, 2007).Whitener (2003) in her newsprint titled Impact of Human Resource Activities on Employee Trust emphasizes the role of training in providing more knowledge and skills to employees to enable them perform their respective jobs better. Thus the primary role of training according to whitener is the enhancement of skills, while it may also serve the purpose of motivating the employees if offered in recognition for warning(a) performance (Whitener, 1997)The aim of the training program wo uld be to enable the organization gain sustainable strategic advantage that would not be easily replicated among competitors (Porter, 1985 as cited in Clardy, 2008). To be earmarked for enhancement with training and development would be the skills that add value to the organization commonly referred to as core competencies (Clardy, 2008).In this dissertation I will also show how training and empowerment are related. In the Barret and OConnel article of 1999, found in the journal of The Institute of Study of Labour, the authors curse that despite the challenges so far faced, training has gained prominence in the recent past as a key tool for empowerment for improvement in productivity and operational efficiency (Barret OConnell, 1999). According to Barret OConnell, (1999), there are two forms of training general and special(prenominal) training. General training is that form of training which further productivity in the firm where it was rund and all firms, while specific trai ning only raises productivity in the firm where it was provided. Organizations thus would seem to favour specific training and would readily pay for it for it since it is likely to give them a competitive advantage in their business (Barret OConnell, 1999).Since the main focus of the dissertation is empowerment of employees through training and development of a learning culture, it would be important to address the theoretical background information relating to the research topic. Case in point is training and learning, which must be properly understood in order to authoritatively argue about its role in empowerment of employees.According to Buckley Caple, (2007), training refers to conveyance new skills or reinforcing previously known skills and knowledge on employees for a positive change in behaviour that would change the way they work and behave. This will also be illustrated in literature review as I intend to show why Buckley thinks that training is a relevant activity that need to be pursued by all organizations in order to achieve their long term mission and objectives.Research design (including methods) or critical preludeResearch MethodologyIn order to achieve the main objectives of the study, it would be inevitable to collect and analyse data and other information so as to enable arriving at a conclusion. One method that would be used would involve the collection of information and data from secondary sources such as the library, cyberspace sources, journals, newspaper articles to collect as much information as possible relevant to the research topic. This would also involve using available data from presumptive sources such as hotel industry regulated websites, journals and magazines or from previous accomplice reviewed and published works by other researchers and comparing the information there on to establish a common pattern that would guide the discussion and the conclusion of the research questions. For this particular dissertation, the bulk of the information and data will be obtained from peer reviewed and published research articles in similar research subjects.The main reasons for adopting this methodology are that it is generally simple to undertake and does not require a lot of time and resources to undertake. This is because the research does not involve field establish data collection which is often more time consuming and expensive. This makes the approach ideal in situations where there is limited time and researches to undertake the research, which is indeed applicable to this dissertation.Further the data and information collected would be generally accurate since it would be based on published peer reviewed researches and other papers on the same topic which have stood the test of rigorous scrutiny by HR professionals and other management researchers over the years and found to be authentic. The books and other materials that may be used would generally also bear accurate information and would provide useful insights in to the theoretical background of the research subject.Research StrategiesIn order to effectively carry out the research assignment, it would be important to site the appropriate research strategies that would be acceptable and help in answer the research questions conclusively. This dissertation would use both deductive and inductive research strategies to achieve this aim.Norman Blaikie in his book titled, Designing Social Research published in 2009 define inductive research strategies as those strategies that help in answering the what research questions and are generally explorative and descriptive in nature (Blaikie, 2009). Deductive strategies would also be used in order to address the why research questions that form part of the dissertation. Blaikie (2009) also describes deductive strategies as those research strategies that assist in answering the why questions and are most suitable for move the purpose of explanationsEthical issuesThere should not be any ethical issue related to my research.Special resources requiredNo special resources will be required for my dissertation.

Rates of Reaction - Magnesium and HCL :: GCSE Chemistry Coursework Investigation

Rate of reaction of Magnesium and HCLIn order to find a good set of results for this examine I need todecide what molars i am going to use, and also how i will make them.Once i have found which molars i would like to use i will giveevidence of why i have chosen them, i will also decide which variables are important to considerm e.g The Values of Mg, Volume of acid. Ialso need to think about how i am going to measure the speed of thereaction in order to get a table of reliable results.Plan Equipment needed for experiment Bowl Hcl 2 Measuring cylinders (1 long/1 small) Mg strips flaskful Beaker Tube Stop clock Goggles beehive shellStep OneAll of the above equipment must be gathered.Step TwoThe Beehive shell sould be placed in the centre inside the bowl, thenthe bowl is to be filled up with water until the beehive shell iscovered.Then the big measuring cylinder is to be filled to the topwith water and then turned upside down onto the beehive shell.Step ThreeThe tube should be placed directly over the hole in the beehive shell,where the tube(which goes through the hole in the beehive shell and isconnected to the flask) is placed into the cylinder.Step quaternionThen the flask needs to be filled with 20 cm3 Hcl acid, the acid ismeasured in a measuring tube and then poured in, once the flask isfilled the magnesium strip is to be placed inside. In order to get theMagnesium strip as accurate as possible it is to be measured with aruler to the size in which desired.Step 5As soon as the magnesium strip touches the acid it starts to react, sothe fictile plug should be put on to the flask quickly, then start thestopclock and record the amount of gas every 10 seconds. One personshould subscribe the results at bosom level to the tube, so they can get anaccurate reading, and another person should note down the timeswhereas one keeps there eye on the time.Things that will effect the rate of reaction Concentration of Hcl Surface empyrean of Magnesium Temperature of rea ction Catalyst Length of Magnesium Volume of HclThe assimilation can be increased or decreased to effect the rate ofreaction. The higher the concentration, the more particles, thereforea higher rate of reaction.The surface area of magnesium can effect the rate of reaction. Thelarger the surface area, the faster the reaction will be as the

Arguing Whether or not Clerical Celibacy Should be Maintained :: Argumentative Persuasive Essays

Arguing Whether or not Clerical Celibacy Should be Maintained Like his two older brothers, immortalise Vincent Serrano became an altar boy at St. Josephs church in Mendham, New Jersey. Invited to visit the parish priest in the rectory, he became--from the time he was 9 to the time he was 16-- a victim of serial molestation groping, sodomy, oral shake, and forced masturbation, (Press). One New Jersey priest convicted of molestation, said that his vow of celibacy made no mention of abstaining from sex,(Saharko). In order to determine the value of celibacy in the Roman Catholic Church, the exact meaning of celibacy must be understood. Celibacy, as defined by 21st Century Websters Family Encyclopedia, is voluntary abstinence from marriage and sexual intercourse. The state of celibacy is exalted above that of marriage in the Church based upon 1 Corinthians 732-35, which states, He that is unmarried careth for the things that belong to the Lord, how he may please the Lord But he that i s married careth for the things that are of the world, how he may please his wife. . . . And this I speak. . . that ye may attend upon the Lord without distraction. Thats a wonderful ideal, but 1 Corinthians 79 says, But if they cannot contain, let them get hitched with for it is better to marry than to burn ( with passion). While its true that if men dont want to abstain from sex they could just stay out of the priesthood, the number of priests has declined so oft that it probably would be better to just allow the priesthood to marry. By requiring celibacy as a conditon of ordination. . . the Church forces itself to select from a much too limited pool,(Press). By revoking the policy of mandatory celibacy,and thereby opening clerical positions to married men, the church could possibly dramatically increase the declining priesthod numbers. Its not just the lack of a sex life that drives men from the priesthood some just cant handle the extreme loneliness. Rather that suffer alone they just leave, so that they can have worldly things a wife, children, a family all their own. Dan Rodricks, a columnist for the Baltimore Sun states in his column, ...Leaving the priesthood quote. Advocates of celibacy worry that if priests marry, the congregation will be majorly neglected. However, that point is easily refuted because of the available examples of the leaders of uncelibate churches.

The Longest Memory :: essays research papers

Whitechapel is the focal character of DAguiars novel, The Longest Memory however, the author has used a great many new(prenominal) characters whose stories also stand-alone. Why has DAguiar organize his novel in this way and how does it lead the reviewer to an understanding of the impacts of buckle downholding?DAguiars central purpose is to make us reflect upon American party during the slavery era and to acknowledge its realities so that we understand the capability for evil that exists in society. DAguair has used Whitechapel and his memories to encapsulate the brutality and inhumanity of slavery. The succeeding narratives further our understanding of the society and these are presented in a manner that forces the reader to accept DAguiars judgements. The characters represent all of the voices of the society including people from different races, social statuss and both genders so that the reader can see the position society imposed upon all citizens. The forms of the individua l narratives help us to understand the reality of society because they allow the characters to emerge as individuals, telling their own stories with undisguised honesty. The Longest Memory is told from the oldest to the youngest character showing how society instilled its ideals on each generation in an uncompromising manner and so the stories overlap and intertwine, to illustrate this DAguiar has used an overwhelming tone of sadness and despair to emphasise the negative feelings that society created.Whitechapels narrative focuses on the symbolism of seeing the background for this is to give the reader a sense of the extent to which society enforced its beliefs upon people and how much it effected them. Whitechapel has lived a very long time and has in the long run realized the truth about his enslavement and the extent to which he is dehumanized this is emphasized by his regretful tone and demonstrates his disgust. The dehumanisation that has occurred is over his philosophies tha t as a slave he could earn respect through hard work and loyalty this is rejected when his son is killed. The repetition of the phrase, I am nobody acknowledges that as a slave the society could not reward his loyalty or hard work because he had no status.Various narratives have been put after each other so that the reader can compare two characters to see the different impacts that society had on them. This Juxtaposition is used to confront the reader with the inhumanity of the views of around characters such as Sanders Senior, the placement of Cook straight after shows that contrary to Sanders seniors disgusting beliefs she is quite human and is dramatically effected by his beliefs, the societies beliefs.

Struggles for Equality under the AIAW/NCAA Merger :: Women Athelets Sports

Struggles for Equality under the AIAW/NCAA MergerIn any movement by a marginalized favorable group to gain equal rights and recognition, there be always several factions with differing opinions of the best way to carry out the common goal. There atomic number 18 those who choose to work within the rules of the system as is it is already grammatical constructiond by the dominant social group, and there are those who choose to create their bear branch, rewriting the rules to represent their own philosophies. Historically, womens athletics deem been led by the second camp by women who demanded a doctrine of sport with a flock unique from that of men?s athletics. Womens athletics remained, much like women as a social group, in its own let on sphere, leading its own organizational structure. But as the womens sphere was de-mystified (Spears, 1978) in the mid twentieth century, autonomous organizational structures were absorbed under the umbrella of in one case exclusively male athletics. This is the end as illustrated by the merger of the AIAW and the NCAA.On the surface, it may appear that full official inclusion of womens athletics into the structure of the patriarchy would bring primarily positive degree results such as increased funding and greater access to facilities. However, the present, past, and future ramifications of the merger are tangled in a web of political and social significance that is not so simple to label as all positive or all negative for the attainment of womens athletics and Feminism at large.I will briefly trace the history that led to the creation of the Association of Intercollegiate Athletics for Women (AIAW) as expound by Joan Hult in The explanation of Womens Athletics Manipulating a Dream 1890-1985, and then examine some of the pros and cons of the AIAWs 1981 merger with the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA).Hult explains that in the era between 1890-1920, women forcible educators were a tightly knit, dedicated group committed to a tradition of restricted competition, self-governance, and a feminine approach to individual and squad sports. They believed that all girls and women should have the opportunity to participate and enjoy sport, not only the talented elite as in the competition-driven male philosophical structure (87). Play-days and sport-days with emphasis on team building games were a means of perpetuating an image of an ideal American female athlete feminine, beautiful, strong, yet always aware of her delicate generative system (89).Seventy-five years later, though much had changed, the AIAW still adhered to a more fundamental interpretation of the original philosophy of womens athletics.Struggles for Equality under the AIAW/NCAA Merger Women Athelets SportsStruggles for Equality under the AIAW/NCAA MergerIn any movement by a marginalized social group to gain equal rights and recognition, there are always several factions with differing opinions of the best way t o achieve the common goal. There are those who choose to work within the rules of the system as is it is already structured by the dominant social group, and there are those who choose to create their own branch, rewriting the rules to represent their own philosophies. Historically, womens athletics have been led by the second camp by women who demanded a philosophy of sport with a vision unique from that of men?s athletics. Womens athletics remained, much like women as a social group, in its own separate sphere, leading its own organizational structure. But as the womens sphere was de-mystified (Spears, 1978) in the mid twentieth century, autonomous organizational structures were absorbed under the umbrella of formerly exclusively male athletics. This is the case as illustrated by the merger of the AIAW and the NCAA.On the surface, it may appear that full official inclusion of womens athletics into the structure of the patriarchy would bring primarily positive results such as incre ased funding and greater access to facilities. However, the present, past, and future ramifications of the merger are tangled in a web of political and social significance that is not so simple to label as all positive or all negative for the advancement of womens athletics and Feminism at large.I will briefly trace the history that led to the creation of the Association of Intercollegiate Athletics for Women (AIAW) as described by Joan Hult in The Story of Womens Athletics Manipulating a Dream 1890-1985, and then examine some of the pros and cons of the AIAWs 1981 merger with the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA).Hult explains that in the era between 1890-1920, women physical educators were a tightly knit, dedicated group committed to a tradition of restricted competition, self-governance, and a feminine approach to individual and team sports. They believed that all girls and women should have the opportunity to participate and enjoy sport, not only the talented elite as in the competition-driven male philosophical structure (87). Play-days and sport-days with emphasis on team building games were a means of perpetuating an image of an ideal American female athlete feminine, beautiful, strong, yet always aware of her delicate reproductive system (89).Seventy-five years later, though much had changed, the AIAW still adhered to a more fundamental interpretation of the original philosophy of womens athletics.

Essay --

This support h iodinstly kind of is kind of weird. The reason nooky this is the fact that the novel is really instable and its theme and setting, because at unmatched point where integrity point in time in a certain setting, and it literally the blink of an eye you are other in time and in other setting.Basically the first part of the novel is talking somewhat how fond good got the idea of writing this have got that we are closely to read. And it talks about his education and his time in Dresden as a pris championr of war. We realize that its taken him long time to come up with this book because of all of the mental imagery that he cant seem to portray his writing.Spurts I missed of the story is Billy Pilgrim, here is an optometrist who was later drafted into world war two. Before Billy shipped overseas, his pop dies in a hunting accident. He begins his war career in the Battle of the Bulge in Belgium, where he is immediately taken pris unityr slowly German lines. Just b efore he is captured, he experiences what he calls time shifting and he sees his entire life-time story from beginning to end, all in single big sweep. The lead is then sent through aware railway car to a prisoner of war camp in Germany. Billy has a breakdown and is sent into his time shifting again. He and the other prisoners of war are sent to the city of Dresden, and their Presentment is one of the former slaughterhouses.Then the firestorm of Dresden begins when the affiliate carpet bomb the city of Dresden with incendiary bombs. This caused most buildings to be caught on fire and all of the oxygen sucked out into the fires that were blazing. This caused about 130,000 people to be suffocated to death. The all way that Billy and the other prisoners of war survived is by hiding in an airtight meat locker i... ...p of what I was reading. He is a very contrastive kind of author and its hard to explain but I just really feel like I wouldnt want to read another one of his book s.19.As I stressed throughout these multiple questions I feel like the most important phrase that he has said in the book is so it goes. The reason why I feel as if it is most important is because it explains his life out of how dying is a fact of life and we cant do anything to stop it. This really asked the entire gloominess of the novel because we realize his indifference to death.If I had to make a T-shirt slogan for this book I infer you have to be 99 problems but, so it goes. My reason behind this is that there is a popular song out there were talks about he has 99 problems but a cheating girlfriend is not one of them, I added the fact that even if you have 99 problems thats just the way life Essay -- This book honestly kind of is kind of weird. The reason behind this is the fact that the novel is really instable and its theme and setting, because at one point where one point in time in a certain setting, and it literally the blink of an eye you are another in time and in another setting.Basically the first part of the novel is talking about how fond good got the idea of writing this book that we are about to read. And it talks about his education and his time in Dresden as a prisoner of war. We realize that its taken him long time to come up with this book because of all of the imagery that he cant seem to portray his writing.Spurts I missed of the story is Billy Pilgrim, here is an optometrist who was later drafted into world war two. Before Billy shipped overseas, his tonic dies in a hunting accident. He begins his war career in the Battle of the Bulge in Belgium, where he is immediately taken prisoner behind German lines. Just before he is captured, he experiences what he calls time shifting and he sees his entire life from beginning to end, all in one big sweep. The lead is then sent through aware railway car to a prisoner of war camp in Germany. Billy has a breakdown and is sent into his time shifting again. He and the other prison ers of war are sent to the city of Dresden, and their Presentment is one of the former slaughterhouses.Then the firestorm of Dresden begins when the assort carpet bomb the city of Dresden with incendiary bombs. This caused most buildings to be caught on fire and all of the oxygen sucked out into the fires that were blazing. This caused about 130,000 people to be suffocated to death. The wholly way that Billy and the other prisoners of war survived is by hiding in an airtight meat locker i... ...p of what I was reading. He is a very contrastive kind of author and its hard to explain but I just really feel like I wouldnt want to read another one of his books.19.As I stressed throughout these multiple questions I feel like the most important phrase that he has said in the book is so it goes. The reason why I feel as if it is most important is because it explains his life out of how dying is a fact of life and we cant do anything to stop it. This really asked the entire gloominess of the novel because we realize his indifference to death.If I had to make a T-shirt slogan for this book I look at you have to be 99 problems but, so it goes. My reason behind this is that there is a popular song out there were talks about he has 99 problems but a cheating girlfriend is not one of them, I added the fact that even if you have 99 problems thats just the way life