The Longest Memory :: essays research papers

Whitechapel is the focal character of DAguiars novel, The Longest Memory however, the author has used a great many new(prenominal) characters whose stories also stand-alone. Why has DAguiar organize his novel in this way and how does it lead the reviewer to an understanding of the impacts of buckle downholding?DAguiars central purpose is to make us reflect upon American party during the slavery era and to acknowledge its realities so that we understand the capability for evil that exists in society. DAguair has used Whitechapel and his memories to encapsulate the brutality and inhumanity of slavery. The succeeding narratives further our understanding of the society and these are presented in a manner that forces the reader to accept DAguiars judgements. The characters represent all of the voices of the society including people from different races, social statuss and both genders so that the reader can see the position society imposed upon all citizens. The forms of the individua l narratives help us to understand the reality of society because they allow the characters to emerge as individuals, telling their own stories with undisguised honesty. The Longest Memory is told from the oldest to the youngest character showing how society instilled its ideals on each generation in an uncompromising manner and so the stories overlap and intertwine, to illustrate this DAguiar has used an overwhelming tone of sadness and despair to emphasise the negative feelings that society created.Whitechapels narrative focuses on the symbolism of seeing the background for this is to give the reader a sense of the extent to which society enforced its beliefs upon people and how much it effected them. Whitechapel has lived a very long time and has in the long run realized the truth about his enslavement and the extent to which he is dehumanized this is emphasized by his regretful tone and demonstrates his disgust. The dehumanisation that has occurred is over his philosophies tha t as a slave he could earn respect through hard work and loyalty this is rejected when his son is killed. The repetition of the phrase, I am nobody acknowledges that as a slave the society could not reward his loyalty or hard work because he had no status.Various narratives have been put after each other so that the reader can compare two characters to see the different impacts that society had on them. This Juxtaposition is used to confront the reader with the inhumanity of the views of around characters such as Sanders Senior, the placement of Cook straight after shows that contrary to Sanders seniors disgusting beliefs she is quite human and is dramatically effected by his beliefs, the societies beliefs.

Struggles for Equality under the AIAW/NCAA Merger :: Women Athelets Sports

Struggles for Equality under the AIAW/NCAA MergerIn any movement by a marginalized favorable group to gain equal rights and recognition, there be always several factions with differing opinions of the best way to carry out the common goal. There atomic number 18 those who choose to work within the rules of the system as is it is already grammatical constructiond by the dominant social group, and there are those who choose to create their bear branch, rewriting the rules to represent their own philosophies. Historically, womens athletics deem been led by the second camp by women who demanded a doctrine of sport with a flock unique from that of men?s athletics. Womens athletics remained, much like women as a social group, in its own let on sphere, leading its own organizational structure. But as the womens sphere was de-mystified (Spears, 1978) in the mid twentieth century, autonomous organizational structures were absorbed under the umbrella of in one case exclusively male athletics. This is the end as illustrated by the merger of the AIAW and the NCAA.On the surface, it may appear that full official inclusion of womens athletics into the structure of the patriarchy would bring primarily positive degree results such as increased funding and greater access to facilities. However, the present, past, and future ramifications of the merger are tangled in a web of political and social significance that is not so simple to label as all positive or all negative for the attainment of womens athletics and Feminism at large.I will briefly trace the history that led to the creation of the Association of Intercollegiate Athletics for Women (AIAW) as expound by Joan Hult in The explanation of Womens Athletics Manipulating a Dream 1890-1985, and then examine some of the pros and cons of the AIAWs 1981 merger with the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA).Hult explains that in the era between 1890-1920, women forcible educators were a tightly knit, dedicated group committed to a tradition of restricted competition, self-governance, and a feminine approach to individual and squad sports. They believed that all girls and women should have the opportunity to participate and enjoy sport, not only the talented elite as in the competition-driven male philosophical structure (87). Play-days and sport-days with emphasis on team building games were a means of perpetuating an image of an ideal American female athlete feminine, beautiful, strong, yet always aware of her delicate generative system (89).Seventy-five years later, though much had changed, the AIAW still adhered to a more fundamental interpretation of the original philosophy of womens athletics.Struggles for Equality under the AIAW/NCAA Merger Women Athelets SportsStruggles for Equality under the AIAW/NCAA MergerIn any movement by a marginalized social group to gain equal rights and recognition, there are always several factions with differing opinions of the best way t o achieve the common goal. There are those who choose to work within the rules of the system as is it is already structured by the dominant social group, and there are those who choose to create their own branch, rewriting the rules to represent their own philosophies. Historically, womens athletics have been led by the second camp by women who demanded a philosophy of sport with a vision unique from that of men?s athletics. Womens athletics remained, much like women as a social group, in its own separate sphere, leading its own organizational structure. But as the womens sphere was de-mystified (Spears, 1978) in the mid twentieth century, autonomous organizational structures were absorbed under the umbrella of formerly exclusively male athletics. This is the case as illustrated by the merger of the AIAW and the NCAA.On the surface, it may appear that full official inclusion of womens athletics into the structure of the patriarchy would bring primarily positive results such as incre ased funding and greater access to facilities. However, the present, past, and future ramifications of the merger are tangled in a web of political and social significance that is not so simple to label as all positive or all negative for the advancement of womens athletics and Feminism at large.I will briefly trace the history that led to the creation of the Association of Intercollegiate Athletics for Women (AIAW) as described by Joan Hult in The Story of Womens Athletics Manipulating a Dream 1890-1985, and then examine some of the pros and cons of the AIAWs 1981 merger with the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA).Hult explains that in the era between 1890-1920, women physical educators were a tightly knit, dedicated group committed to a tradition of restricted competition, self-governance, and a feminine approach to individual and team sports. They believed that all girls and women should have the opportunity to participate and enjoy sport, not only the talented elite as in the competition-driven male philosophical structure (87). Play-days and sport-days with emphasis on team building games were a means of perpetuating an image of an ideal American female athlete feminine, beautiful, strong, yet always aware of her delicate reproductive system (89).Seventy-five years later, though much had changed, the AIAW still adhered to a more fundamental interpretation of the original philosophy of womens athletics.

Essay --

This support h iodinstly kind of is kind of weird. The reason nooky this is the fact that the novel is really instable and its theme and setting, because at unmatched point where integrity point in time in a certain setting, and it literally the blink of an eye you are other in time and in other setting.Basically the first part of the novel is talking somewhat how fond good got the idea of writing this have got that we are closely to read. And it talks about his education and his time in Dresden as a pris championr of war. We realize that its taken him long time to come up with this book because of all of the mental imagery that he cant seem to portray his writing.Spurts I missed of the story is Billy Pilgrim, here is an optometrist who was later drafted into world war two. Before Billy shipped overseas, his pop dies in a hunting accident. He begins his war career in the Battle of the Bulge in Belgium, where he is immediately taken pris unityr slowly German lines. Just b efore he is captured, he experiences what he calls time shifting and he sees his entire life-time story from beginning to end, all in single big sweep. The lead is then sent through aware railway car to a prisoner of war camp in Germany. Billy has a breakdown and is sent into his time shifting again. He and the other prisoners of war are sent to the city of Dresden, and their Presentment is one of the former slaughterhouses.Then the firestorm of Dresden begins when the affiliate carpet bomb the city of Dresden with incendiary bombs. This caused most buildings to be caught on fire and all of the oxygen sucked out into the fires that were blazing. This caused about 130,000 people to be suffocated to death. The all way that Billy and the other prisoners of war survived is by hiding in an airtight meat locker i... ...p of what I was reading. He is a very contrastive kind of author and its hard to explain but I just really feel like I wouldnt want to read another one of his book s.19.As I stressed throughout these multiple questions I feel like the most important phrase that he has said in the book is so it goes. The reason why I feel as if it is most important is because it explains his life out of how dying is a fact of life and we cant do anything to stop it. This really asked the entire gloominess of the novel because we realize his indifference to death.If I had to make a T-shirt slogan for this book I infer you have to be 99 problems but, so it goes. My reason behind this is that there is a popular song out there were talks about he has 99 problems but a cheating girlfriend is not one of them, I added the fact that even if you have 99 problems thats just the way life Essay -- This book honestly kind of is kind of weird. The reason behind this is the fact that the novel is really instable and its theme and setting, because at one point where one point in time in a certain setting, and it literally the blink of an eye you are another in time and in another setting.Basically the first part of the novel is talking about how fond good got the idea of writing this book that we are about to read. And it talks about his education and his time in Dresden as a prisoner of war. We realize that its taken him long time to come up with this book because of all of the imagery that he cant seem to portray his writing.Spurts I missed of the story is Billy Pilgrim, here is an optometrist who was later drafted into world war two. Before Billy shipped overseas, his tonic dies in a hunting accident. He begins his war career in the Battle of the Bulge in Belgium, where he is immediately taken prisoner behind German lines. Just before he is captured, he experiences what he calls time shifting and he sees his entire life from beginning to end, all in one big sweep. The lead is then sent through aware railway car to a prisoner of war camp in Germany. Billy has a breakdown and is sent into his time shifting again. He and the other prison ers of war are sent to the city of Dresden, and their Presentment is one of the former slaughterhouses.Then the firestorm of Dresden begins when the assort carpet bomb the city of Dresden with incendiary bombs. This caused most buildings to be caught on fire and all of the oxygen sucked out into the fires that were blazing. This caused about 130,000 people to be suffocated to death. The wholly way that Billy and the other prisoners of war survived is by hiding in an airtight meat locker i... ...p of what I was reading. He is a very contrastive kind of author and its hard to explain but I just really feel like I wouldnt want to read another one of his books.19.As I stressed throughout these multiple questions I feel like the most important phrase that he has said in the book is so it goes. The reason why I feel as if it is most important is because it explains his life out of how dying is a fact of life and we cant do anything to stop it. This really asked the entire gloominess of the novel because we realize his indifference to death.If I had to make a T-shirt slogan for this book I look at you have to be 99 problems but, so it goes. My reason behind this is that there is a popular song out there were talks about he has 99 problems but a cheating girlfriend is not one of them, I added the fact that even if you have 99 problems thats just the way life

Words And Their Implied Meanings :: essays research papers

Words and Their Implied Meanings     Would you rather belong to the "Apple Dumpling syndicate" or the "Crypts"?The connotation of the word junto r each(prenominal)es "hit an all time low" in the 1990s.We envision todays gang members as drug lords who kill each other on streetcorners. Society rejects and imprisons them. Once members of a "gang" simplyshared common interests and enjoyed amicable acceptance, much as members of a smart settoday. Many pairs of words have experienced a similar disagreement inconnotation throughout the years.     The term "revolutionary" currently enjoys more social acceptance thanterrorist. The mind-set of a revolutionary thinks he/she must change ahorrific aspect of society by forcing a break-down in government. In the mindof a terrorist he/she must alter an aspect of society he deplores in society bybombings, hijackings, and assassinations. The United States history make s us sympathetic to revolutionaries because the war between America and the British.No books refer to it as the American Terrorism because terrorism connotesanarchy and a lack of social structure. The actual oddment in strategybetween the two groups may appear more gentle, however, they both kill.     Regarding the words "gang" and "club" only one denotes violence. Thedictionary defines gang as, "A group of persons working together a group ofpersons having informal and usual close social relations." The definition of aclub reads as follows, "An linkup of persons for some common object usuallyjointly harboured and meeting periodically." Hidden beneath each definition,lies a more subjective, personal definition lodged in each of our minds. Whymust society negatively characterize gangs and positively characterize clubs?We now associate the word "gang" with group of juvenile delinquents who pissdisturbances with violence an d misconduct. Commonly, society associates, theword "club" with a positive environment where young people can have positiverole models in their lives who support them. Unfortunately gangs correspondwith corruption and clubs equate with honor. Maybe we can solve the gangproblem by getting them to join clubs.     Yet another cabal of words similarly defined, yet with a verydifferent application in everyday life include "religion" and "cult." Everyreligion on Earth has at one time had the status of a cult, According toWebesters dictionary a cult has one major characteristic, "A system of apparitional belief and ritual." A religion too has a single distinct quality,"Commitment or devotion to a deity, faith or observance." Unfortunate, Intodays world, a cult will send you to eternal damnation while religion willsave you from it. With deeper analysis, one might contrive that religion

Chlamydial Infection :: essays research papers

ChlamydiaChlamydial infection is the most common bacteriuml sexually transmitted disease in the United States today. The U.S. Centers for sickness Control and Prevention estimates that more than 4 million new cases find each year. The highest rates of chlamydial infection are in 15 to 19-year former(a) adolescents regardless of demographics or location. Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), a serious complication of chlamydial infection, has emerged as a major cause of infertility among women of accouchement age. Chlamydial infection is caused by a bacterium, Chlamydial trachomatis, and can be transmitted during vaginal, oral, or anal sexual contact with an infected partner. A fraught(p) woman may pass the infection to her newborn during delivery, with subsequent neonatal eye infection or pneumonia. The annual cost of chlamydial infection is estimated to outmatch $2 billion.SYMPTOMSMost chlamydial infections are silent, causing no symptoms. However, men and women with Chlamydia may experience abnormal genital discharge or pain during urination. These early on symptoms may be mild. If symptoms occur, they usually appear within one or three weeks after exposure. Two of every three infected women and one or two of every four infected men have no symptoms whatsoever. As a result, often the disease may not be diagnosed and interact until complications develop. Doctors estimate that, in women, one third of the chlamydial infections result in PID (Pelvic Inflammatory Disease). Often these infections are not diagnosed until PID or former(a) complications develop. In men, rarely, chlamydial infections may lead to pain or swelling in the scrotal area, which is a sign of epididymitis, an inflammation of a part of the virile reproductive system located in the testicles. Left untreated, this condition, like PID in women, can cause infertility.Chlamydia can cause proctitis (inflamed rectum) and conjunctivitis (inflammation of the lining of the eye). The bacteria also have been found in the throat as a result of oral sexual contact with an infected partner. In tropical climates, a particular strain of C. trachomatis causes an STD called lymphogranuloma venereum (LGV), which is characterized by prominent swelling and inflammation of the lymph nodes in the groin. Complications may follow if LGV is not treated this infection is very rare in the United States.DIAGNOSISChlamydial Infection can easily be confused with gonorrhea because the symptoms of both diseases are similar in some populations they occur together. The most reliable way to diagnose chlamydial infection is for a clinician to send a sample of secretions from the patients genital area to a laboratory that will look for the organism using one of a wide variety of quick and inexpensive laboratory tests.

Chlamydial Infection :: essays research papers

ChlamydiaChlamydial transmission is the most common bacterial sexually transmitted disease in the coupled States today. The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention estimates that more than 4 million new cases occur each year. The highest rates of chlamydial infection are in 15 to 19-year old adolescents regardless of demographics or location. Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), a serious complication of chlamydial infection, has emerged as a major cause of sterility among women of childbearing age. Chlamydial infection is caused by a bacterium, Chlamydial trachomatis, and can be transmitted during vaginal, oral, or anal sexual contact with an infected bureauner. A pregnant woman may pass the infection to her newborn during delivery, with subsequent neonatal eye infection or pneumonia. The annual cost of chlamydial infection is estimated to exceed $2 billion.SYMPTOMSMost chlamydial infections are silent, causing no symptoms. However, men and women with Chlamydia may experi ence abnormal genital discharge or fuss during urination. These early symptoms may be mild. If symptoms occur, they usually appear within unmatched or three weeks after exposure. Two of every three infected women and one or two of every four infected men have no symptoms whatsoever. As a result, often the disease may not be diagnosed and treated until complications develop. Doctors estimate that, in women, one third of the chlamydial infections result in PID (Pelvic Inflammatory Disease). Often these infections are not diagnosed until PID or other complications develop. In men, disusedly, chlamydial infections may lead to pain or swelling in the scrotal scope, which is a sign of epididymitis, an inflammation of a part of the male reproductive system located in the testicles. Left untreated, this condition, like PID in women, can cause infertility.Chlamydia can cause proctitis (inflamed rectum) and conjunctivitis (inflammation of the veneer of the eye). The bacteria also have be en found in the throat as a result of oral sexual contact with an infected partner. In equatorial climates, a particular strain of C. trachomatis causes an STD called lymphogranuloma venereum (LGV), which is characterized by prominent swelling and inflammation of the lymph nodes in the groin. Complications may follow if LGV is not treated this infection is very rare in the United States.DIAGNOSISChlamydial Infection can easily be confused with gonorrhea because the symptoms of both diseases are similar in close to populations they occur together. The most reliable way to diagnose chlamydial infection is for a clinician to send a sample of secretions from the patients genital area to a laboratory that will look for the organism using one of a wide variety of quick and inexpensive laboratory tests.

Hot Zone Book vs. Movie Essay

In the book, we stool Nancy and Jerry, and they are very important characters who deal with Ebola. Also they are married. In the movie, Sam and his ex-wife shares similar rolls like Nancy and Jerry. They try to comprise the outbreak of Ebola virus in the monkey support. In the movie Sam and his ex-wife is divorced and still have problems between them. movie changed Ebola to an Ebola-like virus called Motaba, the conditions of both diseases prove to be similar The army took strong precautions in both cases, wearing Level 4 body-suits in the presence of the virus They tried to contain a town and bomb it, and that made it so surreal that it eventually became difficult to take anything the movie says seriously. This made the movie fictional, and took away from the threat and danger of this dementedly disease. Robbie and Sam in the movie. It made it somewhat of a romantic love story Daniels- equivalent to Jaaxsmovie didnt focus on the monkey house at allThe pet store kind of took the place of the monkey house in that the host infected others at the pet store.both have a laboratory monkey escaping from its cageIn the movie, the host monkey that was smuggled gets loose and threatens the lives of human race. In the book, one of the sick monkey in Reston escapes from its cage and Jerry spends days trying to catch it similar is the potential rip in the space suitsBoth Sammy Daniels and Jerry Jaax share a strong concern oer his wife or ex-wife working with in the hot zone with the virusFinally, the doctors in the book tried to help the villagers the best that they could, and eventually ended up leaving the village and the people behind. In the movie, the village, that had many people infected with the virus, was obliterated by a bomb In movie, they catch the monkey answerable for everything

Nurse Anesthetists Essay

In a career in nursing, one must possess a need to help people, as well as the scientific and groomingal knowledge to perform the duties required. As I complete the final years of my high school education, I realize that I must concentrate on my goals and interests in order to make intelligent college curriculum decisions. I have always been considering a career in health, but the opportunities and diversification in the health field have perplexed me.I have always thought the job of a nurse anesthetist was extremely interesting, and it would be a great way to contribute to helping the lives of others. In the United States, a Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetist (CRNA) is simply an advanced practice registered nurse (APRN) who has acquired graduate-level education and card proof in anesthesia and they are the oldest nurse specialty group in the U. S. However, their job isnt that simple. anaesthesia describes drugs and gases that help to block sensation, and they slide by pati ents unconscious while in surgery.The main goal of the CRNA (Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetist), which is extremely important, is to have the patient awake free of pain. CRNAs, or Nurse Anesthetists, are trustworthy for administering, supervising, and monitoring anesthesia related care for those patients undergoing surgical procedures. Before the surgery, the CRNA obtains information regarding the patients medical history, evaluates the patients anesthesia needs, and develops a word plan with the goal of a risk-free and uncomplicated surgery.CRNA then explains the planned procedure to the patient, and answers any question that they may have. However, there are big step that you have to take to become a CRNA. According to the American Association of Nurse Anesthetists (AANA), here is what you need to do to become a nurse anesthetist. all would-be nurse anesthetists must have an active registered nurse (RN) license, which requires a minimum of two years of study. Applicants t o nurse anesthetist programs should have at to the lowest degree one year of work experience as an RN working in acute care, such as an intensive care unit.Once admitted to the Anesthesia program, the registered nurse must complete twenty-four to thirty-six months of classroom and clinical experience. A bachelors degree is the minimum required educational enfranchisement for certification as a nurse anesthetist. Many training programs are structured as masters degree programs, which always require a bachelors degree. Accredited Training Programs is the most important requirement to become a nurse anesthetist.Different programs have different specific requirements for application. Upon accomplishment of the training program, prospective nurse anesthetists need to pass the certification examination offered by the Counsel on Certification of Nurse Anesthetists, and then maintain certification by regularly taking continuing educational units. Nurse anesthetists must obtain the approp riate licenses to practice in their state by contacting the state board of nursing for more information.

Misconceptions of a Tenth-Century Muslim Traveler

Historical and cultural lines are eventful documents in order for the next generation to mirror the past and observe from the early pack. If such cyphers are incomplete and biased, the people being described whitethorn be underestimated and the readers may be misled. The essay written by Al Masudi on the natives of Oman or the Zanj tribe is one example of a cultural account lacking in information and depth.As a merchant, Al Masudi gave a commercialist account of what can be found in Oman. In focusing much on what he could benefit from in the country, he failed to give a unfeigned observation of the peopletheir culture, beliefs, and traditions. This narrow point of view by a merchant traveler, if given serious consideration, may be dangerous as it may picture the people of Oman differently.In his essay, the author regarded the sail to the sea of Oman as the most dangerous, saying, I do not know of one more dangerous than that of the Zanj. This innovation could lead the readers to be disappointed from going to the place because of the danger he stated. Also, Masudi employ the term Zanj to refer to all the people in Oman, merely this is not proper because the word has a connotation that may demean his subjects. Such wrong are said to be taboo, just like the term Negroes for blackness Americans for this remind the Blacks of their painful past.The journal of Masudi also contained misconceptions about the natives of Oman as he visualise them to be like savages who do not use elephants for war or anything but only hurt and kill them. This statement is too rude as it depicts a tribe that did not pay detect for animal life, but a tribe that was so cruel and uncivilized.On the positive side, though, the author mentioned that the people had a beautiful language and they had a preacher to teach them about God. However, he said that there were no religious laws, which leads us to asking, what do the preachers preach excursus from the law of their god? Truly, this statement gives a confusion on the peoples beliefs.As a traveler, one thing that Masudi must have done was to respect the people he observed and carefully write about them, without missing out on details which could lead the audience to misconceptions.This is similar to the term homosexual which was given a misconception from its original meaning of people of Lesbos, an island where the poet Sappho originated. The term was by and by given negative interpretation due to interpretations of the authors poems which depicted Platonic love between women. Indeed, we can see, A little knowledge is a dangerous thing (Pope 1709)Work CitedLesbos Lived on an Island. Pearls Rainbow Key West. 3 declination 2007..Misconceptions of a Tenth-Century Muslim TravelerHistorical and cultural accounts are important documents in order for the next generation to mirror the past and learn from the early people. If such accounts are incomplete and biased, the people being described may be underestima ted and the readers may be misled. The essay written by Al Masudi on the natives of Oman or the Zanj tribe is one example of a cultural account lacking in information and depth.As a merchant, Al Masudi gave a commercialist account of what can be found in Oman. In focusing much on what he could benefit from in the country, he failed to give a truthful observation of the peopletheir culture, beliefs, and traditions. This narrow point of view by a merchant traveler, if given serious consideration, may be dangerous as it may picture the people of Oman differently.In his essay, the author regarded the sail to the sea of Oman as the most dangerous, saying, I do not know of one more dangerous than that of the Zanj. This introduction could lead the readers to be disappointed from going to the place because of the danger he stated. Also, Masudi used the term Zanj to refer to all the people in Oman, but this is not proper because the word has a connotation that may demean his subjects. Such t erms are said to be taboo, just like the term Negroes for Black Americans for this remind the Blacks of their painful past.The journal of Masudi also contained misconceptions about the natives of Oman as he pictured them to be like savages who do not use elephants for war or anything but only hurt and kill them. This statement is too rude as it depicts a tribe that did not pay respect for animal life, but a tribe that was so cruel and uncivilized.On the positive side, though, the author mentioned that the people had a beautiful language and they had a preacher to teach them about God. However, he said that there were no religious laws, which leads us to asking, what do the preachers preach aside from the law of their god? Truly, this statement gives a confusion on the peoples beliefs.As a traveler, one thing that Masudi must have done was to respect the people he observed and carefully write about them, without missing out on details which could lead the audience to misconceptions. This is similar to the term lesbian which was given a misconception from its original meaning of people of Lesbos, an island where the poet Sappho originated. The term was later given negative interpretation due to interpretations of the authors poems which depicted platonic love between women. Indeed, we can see, A little knowledge is a dangerous thing (Pope 1709)Work CitedLesbos Lived on an Island. Pearls Rainbow Key West. 3 December 2007..

Why the Maglev (Magnetic Levitation) Train

Levitating Trains The Maglev exacts A accept is a connected series of rail vehicles propelled along a track to transport shipment or passengers. -Wikipedia Trains now days argon most comm exactly used for the transport of passengers across long distances, they are fast enough to reach a constant go between 65 km/h to around 120km/h, although the record speed of a conventional propose is of 575 km/h, held by the cut TGV. It needed some modifications (shorter and higher voltage) and had passengers in it.Although, the record for non-conventional train is held by the JR-Maglev, a Japanese experimental train reaching the 581km/h without passengers (precaution) on a Magnetic-Levitation track. Answering how a train works is a very hard question, assuming we are talking about locomotives they all conduct a reservoir behind the crews cab about half the size of a Volkswagen Beetle that powers the train with electricity by spinning, but the electrical output requires a flowerpot of en ergy, thats why there is a huge and powerful diesel engine that provides this power.Ignoring what the possible price of putting down a rail could be, I am going to calculate the price of having to get wheels and how long they last. A single axle 2 wheels costs $33, on the average commercial train there is about 636 wheels, so there is 318 axles, which adds up to total of $10,494 . There isnt an exact schedule on how often they change train wheels, it all depends on the rail and how much braking the train does, for example, if its a very curvy road, more braking is applied and the more the wheels get wasted, and eventually, this slows down the entire vehicle.Regular trains withal suffer from bumps and weather can play a difference in the performance of the train, the fact that the train is connected to the rail and to the floor deteriorates the materials and can chance upon a huge sound, and if its a train that goes by a big town, there might be noise complaints. Since friction se ems to be the ascendant of all problems, why not remove it? Friction is a natural force that occurs when an object or more encounter moving over each other or two objects rubbing against each other. How can a train overcome this?If only it could levitate well, needless to say, as I aim mentioned a few paragraphs back, there is such a train, one that levitates with magnetism, the Maglev train, which by the name might sound Russian, but the mastermind behind it is Alfred Zehden (German), although he gave it a name in English Maglev (MAGnetic LEVitation). The train levitates with electromagnetic (the interaction of electric currents with magnetic fields) C-shaped arms, with the top part of the arms connected to the train and the inside part holding the magnets, so the rail is situated in the space within the C.Since friction was the factor that was creating the problem, now that there is a garner (15mm) space between the rail and the train wheels there is no friction involved, so no w the train speeds up faster to its average speed of 430km/h and it also slows down easier without any sound, and it goes unaffected by non-extreme weather, if the town has a power there is no problem because it has its own generator and also lets not forget it is super cool because it is a LEVITATING TRAINAnother feature it has is that regular locomotives can only run at a minimum speed of about 30km/h, with electromagnets there is no such problem, the train can cruise around at whatever its chosen speed is. The price of a regular (and might I add, boring) locomotive is around $2,300,000 with an added $35,000 for fuel and repairs, whereas the maglev has a more expensive staring price of 1. 2 billion, although it is expected for the price to fall to 1,800,000 in the next 30 years.In the long run and in this case a very long run because trains are one of the vehicles that last the longest, the maglev is more profitable than regular locomotives Cultural As far as I am aware, culturall y there shouldnt be any problem with the maglev unless there is some cult out there that Im not aware of that hate electromagnetism. political If anything, on the long run the government profit from this investment, considering its the fastest commercial train in the world, it gets a lot of attention. On the other hand, only 4 countries have patented the idea and of those only 2 (Aichi, Japan and move, China) have constructed the rains and 2 other under construction in Seoul, South Korea and a second one in China, which leads to think that other governments are afraid of bringing these ideas to their country and then end up being an absolute failure. environmental The maglev train actually does benefit the environment since there is less friction and therefore less fuel is used, and also less resources to replace train and rail parts since they wont deteriorate because there is no friction involved. Social Everyone is going to want to ride the super cool levitating train because it s a SUPER COOL LEVITATING TRAINIn conclusion, I think I have stated my point very clearly and we have solved the friction problem thanks to our friend electromagnetism. -August Paloluoma P. S please ignore Social, I still dont know why I wrote that down Bibliography URL http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/MaglevTechnology Title Maglev Latest date modified (LDM) 3 November 2012 at 1801. URL http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Shanghai_Maglev_Train Title Shanghai Maglev train LDM 31 October 2012 at 1451. URL http//science. howstuffworks. com/transport/engines/maglev-train. htm Title How the Maglev train works LDM 26 January 2012

Do the Environmentalist Overstated Their Case Essay

From this article you will see that environmentalists are interrelate about the environmental catastrophe. Some of them claimed that world was in danger and we shouldnt neglect about this issue. But Lomborg opposed in his article that the environmentalist have been overstated from the veritable situation. The author said that some of environmental organizations are using only selective information and also distort the truth. Also from the author research demonstrate shown that environment is in good condition In my opinion, l agreed with Lomborg that some organization overstate their case.Also one of the word he wrote in his article that thing was better now but they are still not good enough. It is true that nowadays we have more nourishment per person than we need. In contrast food are in increasing in slow rate while the rate of population continue rising. If we assumet control the rate of childs birth. Moreover in my point of view the state that fewer people are starving is not true. Because nowadays there are a lot of people in the world suffer from malnutrition. Owning to quality of land, soil and fertility is burning(prenominal) for production passage but now in response to the increase using of pesticides.Also about deforestation even it is true as research said that globally forest has been reduced in very small portions even so we shouldnt loss even more forest because forest is the most important resource for living things. Forest is not only providing valuable products but they also keep ecosystem in balance. They reduce problem about air pollution. So why dont we trying to protect and increase in the forest. Last issue is about global warming. This is a long-term problem. It is true that crack of doom not going to happened soon but if we keep ignoring about this issue.This might chase up global warming to happen faster. So for me it is time to concern about environment and plan for our next generation. Because as you see nowadays each of pe rson prefer a high standard of living. But if we dispense everybody demand the supply of environment resources must be lower and lower. This is the proper time to care about our earth use the environment resource in economize and benefit ways. Then the story that many environmental organizations keep telling us will not happen in the nearly future day like them expected.

Intra Organization and Power Bargaining Model Essay

Intra organization is a key factor to the beginning stages of how successful a talk terms unit will be in negotiations. Intra organization is when each respective in a particular bargaining unit works towards a consensus. The inability to agree within ones bargaining unit slows down the process and can create dysfunction. Negotiating starts within each bargaining unit during pre-bargaining preparation. This is where discussion and negotiations begin within each bargaining unit to ascertain what is most important to least importance.Once the pre-bargaining preparation process is complete, the bargaining unit is ready to negotiate against the different bargaining unit. There were many forces that wedged our Intra-organizational bargaining. First we altogether had our individual perception on what was most important and what was least important. This had a lot to do with our personalities, attitudes, values and beliefs. For example, depending on our personalities, those who were sh y didnt get to fully express how they felt about their issue. On the other hand those in the bargaining unit who were out spoken would invite it a point to not let up and fight for their concerns.Our bargaining unit had a variety of issues we wanted to push to get into the contract. We had to decide what we considered a mustiness turn ins and what can be used as a bargaining chips. Discussions continued until we all had a good idea where our stance was as a bargaining unit with each issue. The end result of our intra-organization bargaining was difficult but successful. We were able to agree on what issues were most and least important to our bargaining members. We had a few bargaining representatives who were concerned with subcontracting and their job security.Then we have other members who felt subcontracting was irrelevant but having a conciliatory schedule was above all else. My concern was to allow management to keep their managing provide in order to continue to be stron g in this competitive market. I needed sophisticated ideas to create progress within the company, while building opportunity for our members. We agreed that machinist would get a 6% increase and nothing less. We wanted a wage increase across the board for all employees, but our team agreed if we can give employees other benefits outside of pay increase we would settle down be in good stance.We understood that we should negotiate taking subcontracting out of the contract, and use it as a bargaining chip. While understanding that our bottom literary argument in regards to subcontracting was the language we wanted to make accredited management doesnt have full reigns. We would allow management the option to subcontract but at the same time put limitations to subcontracting with the language used in the contract. As a bargaining unit we knew that changing and adding into the contract different aspects such as, flexible schedules, use of vacation, adding health and safety and an appre ntice program would help our overall contract negotiation process.Bargaining Power sample Bargaining Power Model a is held by both parties during negotiation process. Its Another important concept is the Bargaining Power Model. Both Union and Management have agreement and variableness costs. Unions lower managements bargaining office when they receive financial supplements. On the other hand managements disagreements cost can decrease with the lack of need when it comes to employees. Unions and managements bargaining power can change from one day to the next.Incidents such as inventory, supply and demand, wage-price controls, economic changes along with social changes have major influences in the bargaining power model. Under the power bargaining model there are two major assumptions. The first being that union and mangament negotiators cost issues in a connatural manner and are rational individuals, and if it cost more for a companionship to disagree than to agree with the oth er, then the party will agree to the other partys proposal. (labor relations process)As the union bargaining unit we have decieded to negotiate a win win bargaining strategy or alike refered to Mutual gain bargaining. This strategy is used whern both partys negotiate in away where both needs are displayed and honesty takes the leading roll in negotiations. This strategy seemed to work well with our negotiation process considering we were able to pin point wehre we saw a common ground and dominate those areas.On the other hand we understood what was important to management and see what we can use to lower the cost of agreeing with management on specified issues. e understood that we have a lot of bargaining power considering 95% of employees are in the Union. We put that into consideration as we decided what it was we were going to negotiate and what type of resilience we were going to set for each issue. My Union bargaining member profile was Union International Representative. I h ad to be sure to negotiate a win-win contract. I wanted to make sure management kept their administrative rights, while implementing new programs to keep union bargaining members happy.My main objective was to make sure it was clear that a great contract is when both parties bargain in good faith. Showing to the members of the union that management is working with the and both parties want to make positive changes within the company for all employees. Implementing new programs such as apprenticeship along with health and safety article will bring positive reenforcement to union members and all members. This helped us come up with strategies to bargain an all-around good contract.

Adult Attachment Styles and Romantic Relationships Essay

In 1987, the bond paper scheme extended to include the bonds between adults and their sen beatntalist fellows the extension includes the concept of the secure, the anxious-preoccupied, the dismissive-avoidant, and the fearful-avoidant attachment styluss. Current research, in the form of cross-sectional and longitudinal studies, phones adults exhibit attachment elans during the forming, caution, and separation process. The research utilized the experiences in close up races inventory and the relationship maintenance questionnaire to find their conclusion. The findings concluded the association among the adult attachment features like closeness, safe haven, and secure base develop everywhere time during the forming, maintenance, and separation process. In addition, the conclusion display the effectiveness of two clinical and non clinical exposure treatments in the growth and preservation of the secure attachment elbow room demeanors utilized in wild-eyedistic relationshi ps. Keywords attachment styles, romantic relationships, partners, adults, secure, insecure Adult adhesiveness Styles and wild-eyed RelationshipsMore than half of the worlds adults are heterogeneous in a romantic relationship. The nigh common romantic relationship includes the sexual dating relationship, the domestic partnership, or the marriage. The adults or partners involved in these relationships needs reach a point of conflict. How the relationship partners react to the conflict displays whether the partners are acting as a securely attached person or an insecurely attached person. The securely attached adult portrays a happy person when relations with relationship issues. Whereas, an insecurely attached adult is an unhappy person when dealing with relationship issues. Adults should strive for the secure attachment style for the best satisfaction level, rendment level, and index to adapt to change in their romantic relationship. BackgroundIn 1952, John Bowlby originally designed the Attachment Theory to explain the bond between a child and people serving in the anxietygiver susceptibility (Feldman, 2011). Many theorists began noticing attachment influences the entire human experience. In 1987, Cindy Hazan and Philip Shaver officially appliedBowlbys views on attachment to include the bonds between adults and their romantic partners (Nudson-martin, 2012). Hazan and Shaver viewed attachment in adult romantic relationships as a powerful part of an adults emotional life, and many of the most secure and insecure behaviors arise during the maintenance of the romantic relationship. Hazan and Shaver noticed the behavioral patterns between a child and its caregiver was similar to the behavioral pattern between an adult and its romantic partner. Similarities like a desire to be close to the attachment figure and using the relationship as a safe haven to explore the world consequently, Hazan and Shaver used Bowlbys concept of attachment styles to categorize the behavioral patterns adults display in diverse stages of their romantic relationships (Pittman, 2012). Hazan and Shaver developed four adult attachment styles, secure and three insecure types. The adult attachment styles they developed are the secure, the anxious-preoccupied, the dismissive-avoidant, and the fearful-avoidant. The beginning(a) attachment style is the secure type which corresponds with the secure attachment style in children.The secure adult is warm a responsive in their interactions with their romantic relationship partner. Secure attached adults tend to have positive views of themselves, their partner, and their relationship. The securely attached adult fells comfortable with intimacy and independence. Their relationships are characterized by greater longevity, satisfaction, trust, commitment, and interdependency (Mikulincer *& Shaver, 2012) Secure adults have a tendency to be more satisfied in their relationships than insecure adults. The first insecure atta chment style is the anxious-preoccupied, which corresponds to the anxious-ambivalent attachment style in children. The anxious-preoccupied adult seeks high levels of intimacy, approval, and responsiveness from their romantic relationship partner. The anxious-preoccupied adult values intimacy so much they become overly dependent on their relationship partners. They do not value themselves, and blame themselves for their partners privation of responsiveness. People who are anxious or preoccupied with attachment whitethorn exhibit high levels of emotional expressiveness, worry, and impulsiveness in their relationships (Mikulincer & Shaver, 2012). The anxious-preoccupied person is clingy and has low ego esteem. Low self esteem and impulsiveness is possible to lead to depression or suicide. The snatch insecure attachment style isthe dismissive-avoidant, which corresponds to the avoidant attachment style in children.The dismissive-avoidant adult desires a high level of independence fr om themselves and their relationship partner. They view themselves as self-sufficient, defensible to feelings associated with being closely attached to their partner, and close relationships as relatively unimportant. The dismissive-avoidant adult tends to avoid intimacy because their partner is little important. An adult with a dismissive-avoidant attachment style tends to suppress and hide their feelings (Juhl, Sands, & Routledge, 2012). The dismissive-avoidant style is characteristic of young male adults in the dating stage (Poulsen, Holman, Busby, & Carroll, 2013) the young male experiences the lack of responsiveness and the carelessness of new(prenominal)s feelings. The dismissive-avoidant adult lacks responsiveness and is an ego-maniac. Being, an ego-maniac is likely to lead to dissatisfaction with everyone else. The third insecure attachment style is the fearful-avoidant, which also corresponds to the avoidant attachment style in children.The fearful-avoidant adult unrema rkably has experienced some type of emotional or physical abuse, and in turn do not trust their romantic relationship partners. The fearful-avoidant adult experiences fuse feelings. On one hand, they desire to have emotionally close relationships. On the other hand, they tend to feel uncomfortable with emotional closeness. These mixed feelings are unite with, an unconscious view of themselves as unworthy of responsiveness and trust from their partner, and the reverse is true (Juhl et al, 2012). The fearful-avoidant attachment style is also typical of the adults in the remarriage stage (Ehrenberg, Roberts & Pringle, 2012) the divorcee experiences the mixed feelings and the lack of trust. A mix of the other two insecure attachment styles, the fearful-avoidant adult has low self esteem and lacks responsiveness. DiscussionThe secure, anxious-preoccupied, dismissive-avoidant and fearful-avoidant attachment styles percent both commonalities and differences. The issue of desiring a roma ntic relationship is common in the secure, anxious-preoccupied, and sometimes in the fearful-avoidant attachment styles, this meaning these attachment styles lend toward satisfaction in romantic relationships. While the dismissive-avoidant attached adult doesnot have the same feelings. Also, the desire to be in a relationship leads to the adult wanting to commit and faces the adults desires to be in a relationship no matter what happens in the future. The issue of having low self esteem is a common problem in the anxious preoccupied and fearful-avoidant attachment styles. The low self esteem arises when the adult feels at that place are unworthy of their partners intimacy. Due to this fact, the adults displaying these styles are less sociable. In this case, the adults with low self esteem have low satisfaction with themselves, which in turn leads to low satisfaction in their romantic relationship. The low self esteem adult can not fully commit, and can not endure changes. Their own issues lead to them not trusting the commitment and changes displayed by their partner. Additionally, there are commonalities in the issue of responsiveness or responding to the partner when they feel anxiety. The responsiveness issues are a part of all the attachment styles, however responsiveness can range from zero percent to one hundred percent.The zero percent is the dismissive-avoidant attachment style, and the one hundred percent is the secure attachment style. The lack of responsiveness leads to the adult not caring about the outcome or commitment level of the romantic relationship. In addition, the adult that lacks responsiveness does not care about the changes that are likely to arise. A way for researchers to find an adults desire to be in a relationship, self esteem, and responsiveness is the eerie situation. The strange situation is an observational technique to judge the partners attachment style (Selcuk, Zayas, & Hazan, 2010). The strange situation looks at the secu re base and the safe haven. The partner and the relationship are the secure base and safe haven, respectively. The strange situation technique can also be used to change an insecure adult to a secure adult, once they are aware of their attachment style. Adults who appear secure in the strange situation, for example, tend to have a partner who is responsive to them. On the other hand, adults that display one of the insecure attachment styles in the strange situation has a partner who is insensitive to their needs, or inconsistent or rejecting in the love they provide (Edenfield, Adams, & Briihl, 2012). Essentially during the strange situation, the adult asks themselves the following fundamental question Is the partner nearby, accessible, and attentive? If the answer is yes, he or she feels loved, secure, and confident.Behaviorally, the adult is likely to leave their secure base and be sociable with their partner and others. However, the answer is no, the adult experiences anxiety, vi sual searching , active following, and vocal signaling .These behaviors continue until each the adult is able to reestablish a desirable level of physical or psychological proximity to the partner , or until the adult whines down. The anxiety behavior displayed is similar to those experienced during separation or loss (Heffernan, Fraley, Vickary & Brumbaugh, 2012). Similar questioning to the strange situation is asked in the experiences in close relationships inventory (ECR), and the relationship maintenance questionnaire (RM). Questions about the desire to be in a romantic relationship, and the likely behaviors displayed in that relationship marks the inventory and questionnaire) Edenfield et al, 2012). The ECR and the RM can be used to predict whether the relationship partner is securely attached or insecurely attached.The research findings from the strange situation, the ECR, and the RM combined with the finding closeness, safe haven, and secure base occur over time developed ef fective clinical and non clinical exposure treatments. In this case, the insecurely attached adult can choose to be treated in a clinic or in the home close to the safe haven. In either case the use of adaptative skills will be utilized. Additionally, using adaptive skills will move an insecurely attached adult to and securely attached adult. Adaptive skills are skills a romantic partner uses in reaction to their partners behaviors. Adaptive skills promote emotionally available and appropriately responsive partners, as well as a partner capable of regulating both his and her positive and negative emotions (Feldman, 2011). The insecurely attach adult will utilize adaptive skills to counter act the other partners insecure behavior, in a way to exhibit secure attachment. Conclusion and future directionsIn conclusion, most adults are in a romantic relationship, and behave and react in the relationship. Due to this fact, the adult gains either secure or insecure attachment to their roma ntic partner. The securely attached adult is warm and responsive to the ideals of commitment and their ability to adapt well to changes they will face in a romantic relationship. Additionally, the securely attached person displays increased levels of satisfaction in their romantic relationship. Romantic relationships havingone or both partners exhibiting insecure attachment style, will find moving to a secure attachment beneficial to their romantic relationship. Especially, in the areas of satisfaction, commitment, and the various changes. The insecurely attached partners will find using adaptive skills in both clinical and non clinical exposure treatments helpful in developing a secure attachment. The most useful is experiencing long-tern exposure to the secure attachment style in the home. In the future, the concept can be applied to the area of run for and higher education. Adults experience long term relationships with colleagues and professors.ReferencesEdenfield, J. L., Adam s, K. S., & Briihl, D. S. (2012) Relationship Maintenance Strategy Used by Romantic Attachment style. North American Journal of Psychology, 14)1), pp 149. Retrieved from http//search.proquest.co,m.ezproxy.liberty.edu2048/docview/927903917 Ehrenberg, M. F., Roberts, M., & Pringle, J. (2012). Attachment Style and Marital Commitment in the Context of Remarriage. Journal of Divorce and Remarriage, 53(3), pp 204-219. inside 10. 1080/10502556.2012.663270 Feldman, R. S. (2011). Development across the Lifespan. 6th ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ McGraw-Hill. Heffernan, M. E., Fraley, R. C., Vicary, A. M., & Brumbaugh, C. C. (2012). Attachment Features and Functions in Adult Relationships. Journal of Social and person-to-person Relationships, 29(5), pp 671-693. doi 10.1177/0265407512443435 Juhl, J., Sand, E. C., & Routledge, C. (2012). the Effects of Nostalgia and Avoidant Attachment on Relationship Satisfaction and Relationship Motives. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 29(5), pp 6 61-670. doi 10.1177/0265407512443433 Mikulincer, M & Shaver, P. R. (2012). Adult Attachment Orientations and Relationship Processes. Journal of Family Theory and Review, 4(4), pp 259-274. doi 10. 1111/j. 1756-2589.2012.00142.x Nudson-Martin, C. (2012). Attachment in Adult Relationships a Feminist Perspective. Journal of Family Theory and Review, 4(4), pp. 299-305. doi 10. 1111/j.1756-2589.2012.00141.x Pittman, J. F. (2012). Attachment Orientations A Boon to Family Theory and Review. Journal of Family Theory and Review, 4(4), pp 306-310. doi 10.1111/j.1756-2589.2012.00133.x Poulsen, F. O., Holman, T. B., Busby, D. M., & Carroll, J. S. (2013). Physical Attraction, Attachment Styles, and Dating Development. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 30(3), pp301-319. doi 10.1177/0265407512456673 Selcuk, E., Zayas, V.., & Hazan, C. (2010). Marital Satisfaction The Role of Attachment in Marital Function. Journal of Family Theory and Review, 2(4), pp 258-259. doi 10. 1111/j.1756-2589.2 010.00061.x

Causes for the Central Powers Losing the First World War

After the First cosmea warfare had ceased on the 11th of November 1918, there were a forget me drug of negotiations on the issue of how to sustain peace, and how to treat the Central Powers, which consisted namely of Germany, Austria-Hungary, Turkey and Bulgaria. France wanted urgent mend for the damages Germany had caused, and did not consider giving her a mild punishment, such as the superstar Britain had suggested. There are several important reasons as to why the Central Powers garbled World War One.During this synopsis I will be looking at the most vital ones, and giving a brief idea of how and why these shaping events took place. There was one particular event involving especially Germany at an early stage of the war the von Schlieffen intent. In 1914, Germany tried to pursue the so-called von Schlieffen plan, in which the ending was to surround the French armies. They planned to do so by flying through Belgium to the coasts of France, to then usurp the Channel ports a nd use the way of the rivers to surround France, their support and their navy.This was easier said than done the Belgian resistance was strong, devising Germany unable to capture the Channel ports and thus unable to get nearlywhat control of France. The situation that the von Schlieffen plan failed had a great impact on the Central Powers motivation throughout the war, as well the fact that it did not manage to show their authority from early on. Several smaller reasons to why the Central Powers lost also need to be taken into consideration. Britain tried to block German ports and trade routes, making it troublesome for them to acquire weapons, ammunition, transport and food from other countries.Considering that the Germans were already exhausted by the war, because of the fact that they did not want a long-term war. To add to that, there was not a lot the other Central Powers could do to help Germany, meaning that they all-in-all did not get many new supplies of tools for warf are. In conclusion, there were many negligible causes for the results of the First World War, such as British blockade of German ports and trade routes, German enfeeblement and the fact that they did not get much help from the other Central Powers. US entered the war in April 1917.This was a vital reason for the Allies victory. Seeing as it was at the very end of World War One, and Germany was already exhausted, it did a great deal to their morale when a whole new holy joined the war. The US contributed by providing Britain and France with food, merchant ships and credit. By mid-1918 over half a million American soldiers were involved in the war. As well as the physical help, the USA gave a vast falter to German morale. Thus, the US joining the war was one of the leading steps to the Allies winning.As my short analysis has shown, there were many different reasons for the Central Powers losing the First World War, in which there were small reasons as well as big ones. The causes I have mentioned are the failure of the Schlieffen plan, small reasons such as British blockade, German exhaustion and not getting any help from the other Central Powers and lastly, the US joining the war towards the end. These are only some of the reasons, however they show how German morale to some extent affected the

Information System Audit in Indian Banks

study itself is an important asset in todays business. If randomness is lost, modified, utilise huge loss can occur to business. Hence selective education security becomes important for any business. Information system in business including that of banking is becoming technology oriented. Computers be being used in al 1 the areas of business including that of financial accounting. Internal overtops used in a Computerized Information System (CIS) environment should occupy at information security also. This aspect of internal control is mostly overlooked in a Financial Audit where evidence collection and evaluation is more important.Audit provides the assurance to stakeholders of business. Assurance provided by a financial analyse is more or less financial statements, which are relied upon and based on which decisions are taken by many stakeholders. However there are take a chances associated in any business, which is not highlighted in a financial size up. Operational R isk and Audit For example Basel II Accord mentions of operational jeopardizes that are due(p) to failure of system, process, procedure and human action/inaction (fraud) and legal restrictions, etc. in the operation of banks, or so of which are not dealt in financial analyze.The Basle committee has identified people, processes, systems and international events, as potential hazards for operations. lack and failure of any of them can result into events, which cause losses. Every business has to identify events of their relevance. The events may be similar in the same industry, but vary from an organization to organization. The whole exercise of the operational risk worry is to identify potential events, which are likely to cause losses.Here is a list of round of the events, which could lead to operational risk (non exhaustive) Technology error Fraud and theftLegal, Regulatory non compliance, Transaction risk Processes, people and systems are closely linked with information syst ems. Even measurement and recognition of external events direct information systems. Therefore, under the new Accord, the job of an audit and control practitioner shall become more laborious and challenging. Therefore a financial audit cannot assure that the information system is foolproof as financial auditor is not expert in information technology. Hence an expert should provide an opinion that information system is risk-free. This is where Information System Audit (IS Audit) comes into picture.Meaning of IS audit Information systems audit is a weaken of the overall audit process, which is one of the facilitators for good corporate governance. While there is no single oecumenical definition of IS audit, Ron Weber has defined it as the process of collecting and evaluating evidence to determine whether a calculator system (information system) Safeguards assets Maintains data integrity Achieves organizational goals rough-and-readyly and Consumes resources efficiently. Key Chal lenge in IS Audit IS audit often involves finding and recording observations that are highly technical. such technical depth is required to cause effective IS audits. At the same time it is necessary to translate audit findings into vulnerabilities and businesses impacts to which operating managers and senior management can relate. Therein lies a main challenge of IS audit. Scope of IS Audit IS auditing is an integral part of the audit function because it supports the auditors judgment on the quality of the information processed by electronic computer systems. Initially, auditors with IS audit skills are viewed as the technological resource for the audit staff. The audit staff often looks o them for technical assistance. in spite of appearance IS auditing there are many types of audit needs, such as Organizational IS audits (management control over information technology), Technical IS audits (infrastructure, data centers, data communication), Application IS audit (business/finan cial/operational), Development/implementation IS audits (specification/ requirements, design, study and post-implementation phases) meekness IS audits involving national or international standards. The IS auditors role has evolved to provide assurance that capable and take over controls are place.Of course, the responsibility for ensuring that adequate internal controls are in place rests with management. Audits capital role, except in areas of management advisory services, is to provide a statement of assurance as to whether adequate and reliable internal controls are in place and are operating in an efficient and effective manner. So, whereas management is to ensure, auditors are to assure. The breadth and depth of knowledge required to audit information technology and systems is extensive.For example, IS auditing involves the pplication of risk-oriented audit approaches use of computer assisted audit tools and techniques(CAATs) application of standards (national or internati onal) such as ISO-9000/3 to modify and implement quality systems in software development understanding of business roles and expectations in the auditing of systems under development as well as the purchase of software packaging and project management military rating of heterogeneous Systems Development Life Cycle (SDLC) or new development techniques (e. g. , prototyping, end-user computing, rapid systems or application development).Evaluation of complex technologies and communications protocols involves electronic data interchange, client servers, local and wide area networks, data communications, telecommunications and interconnected voice/data/video systems. Elements/components of IS Audit An information system is not just a computer. Todays information systems are complex and have many components that piece together to make a business solution. Assurances about an information system can be obtained only if all the components are evaluated and secured. The proverbial weakest l ink is the fit strength of the chain.The major elements of IS audit can be broadly classified Physical and environmental polish upThis includes physical security, power supply, air conditioning, humidity control and other environmental particularors. System administration surveilThis includes security brushup of the operating systems, database management systems, all system administration procedures and compliance. Application software reviewThe business application could be payroll, invoicing, a web-based customer order processing system or an endeavor resource planning system that actually runs the business.Review of such application software includes access control and authorizations, validations, error and exception handling, business process flows within the application software and complementary manual controls and procedures. Additionally, a review of the system development lifecycle should be completed. Network security reviewReview of internal and external connections to the system, perimeter security, firewall review, router access control lists, port scanning and intrusion detection are some veritable(prenominal) areas of coverage.Business continuity reviewThis includes existence and maintenance of fault tolerant and redundant hardware, backup procedures and storage, and enter and tested disaster recovery/business continuity plan. Data integrity reviewThe purpose of this is interrogatory of live data to verify adequacy of controls and impact of weaknesses, as noticed from any of the above reviews. Such substantive testing can be done using generalized audit software (e. g. , computer assisted audit techniques).It is important to understand that each audit may consist of these elements in variable measures some audits may scrutinize only one of these elements or drop some of these elements. While the fact remains that it is necessary to do all of them, it is not mandatory to do all of them in one assignment. The skill sets required for each of these are different. The results of each audit need to be seen in coition to the other. This will enable the auditor and management to get the total view of the issues and problems. This overview is critical.

Challenge ineffective practice in the promotion of the safeguarding Essay

1. Disseminate knowledge based on devout practice2. To involve service users , carers, practitioners , care providers and policy makers in the promoting good practice3. Enhance the skills and professionalism in social care workers through tailored, targeted and user friendly resources. Before challenge can be do we will need to identify who is at risk of demoralise? The vulnerable adult in this stage setting is at risk of scream people with learning disability older people family members and carers. Identifying risks in services. venture factors associated with abuse can help to point the way for appropriate prevention strategies. For example Institutional abuse has the following factors as indicators Exogenous-Staff rate and ratio, bed supply.Institutional Environment-Organisation that stifles stave and prevent criticism. Patient Characteristics-very frail, challenging behavioursstaff Characteristics- Stress, negative attitude to work, low esteem and low educational attainme nt neutralisation of moral concerns starring(p) to residents being seen as objects rather than human beings. Lack of policy awareness.To challenge these abuse we need1 public awareness2 Awareness of domestic violence3 Awareness strategies of other types abuse such as financial abuse4 Information awareness and advocacy5 educational activity and education through development programmes6 Awareness of the organisation policy and procedures7 Community relate8 awareness of regulations and legislation9 Multi- disciplinary and agency collaboration.10 Empowerment and choice11 balancing the idea of choice and risk involvement based on decision taken by the service users and carers.

Go Green

You hear the devise recycling or going green many time trough the years. It is such an important environmental issue and yet, not much is done about this issue. If you ask a random person on the street what they think about recycling, they would say its good for the environment. Even though there are so many things said about going green or recycling, not much is done. cycle can help the environment and we the creatures all around the world.Recycling is important for the environment because recycling reduces greenhouse shove along issue and helps stem the dangers of global climate change. If people do not reprocess, there would be home ground loss for the many species of magnificent creatures that accompanying us. Recycling reduces the need for raw materials so that the rainforests can be preserved. Possibly a more important reason to recycle is because it will reduce pollution risks in our society.The most obvious way is by keeping waste out of landfills, which introduces con taminants and other toxins into groundwater systems. Recycling besides keeps materials out of incinerators, which pollutes the air and create severe ash residue, which is very dangerous for the health. Furthermore, reduce financial fruit in the economy, making products from raw materials costs much more than if they were made from recycled products. What can you do to recycle? Here are three easy steps you can do.Firstly, you can separate plastic, aluminum, glass, and paper, into different container or bags. Secondly, you can turn the water off when youre not using it. Thirdly, you can switch to energy- expeditious light bulb, which saves you money. In conclusion, Recycling is one of the best ways for you to have a positive electrical shock on the world in which we live. Recycling is important to both the natural environment and us. By doing at least three things can help the planet which we stand.

Indian Democracy at Crossroad

Avinash Shankar MAD12015 Politics Essay 2 Topic Can post- colonial Indias semipolitical capture be char biterized as moving towards becoming oft popular res publica, the form of government where supreme condition is directly or indirectly vested in lot, has mother a global discourse that can be gauged from the fact that many post-colonial countries piddle choose it with remarkable success.The hammy global expansion of land in the last few decades in post-colonial countries speak volume of this roughly popular form of representative government. The constantly fluctuating political dynamics coupled with changing socio-stinting patterns since license has given innovative meanings to Indian commonwealth at each grade of its progression. India inherited a colonial maintain and kept much of its work architecture intact. Much of country practice, despite its massive quantitative expansion, is heavily governed by legislation passed someplace mingled with 1860 and 194 7.During the 65-years of long journey, India as a nation has witnessed moments wherein sylvan looked to find its true meaning, while moments analogous national emergency during Indira Gandhis regime qualify as the abysmal low that India touched as popular nation. Adoption of affectionateist pattern, the middle path between capitalist economy and communism, at the early demo of our indep end upence and a serial of economic tidys that began in mid-eighties were primarily targeted at de give outring the true onus of deposit in favorable, economic, and political spheres.This paper is an attempt to f ar how Abraham Lincolns notion of democracy as a government of the plurality, by the people and for the people has been put to test in India on several(predicate) social, political, and economic parameters at different stages of its progression since independence and whether ever changing political, social and economic dynamics bring brought India at hand(predicate) to true parliamentary stick. India carry a deep commitment to principles of parliamentary government during the three decades later independence. Indian leaders draw their approach planning nder a democratic pattern of socialism as a unsanded model for Asian and African ontogenesis. Indias initial primal Minister Jawaharlal Nehru who preen the direction of Indias increase during the first fifteen years of put outdom, pointed to his country as an atomic number 18a of agreement between opposing ideologies of capitalism on the hand and the communism on the other. Under his leadership, the commitment to democratic social transformation was an implicit in(p) take leave of Indias development strategy. Nehru as well as tried to incorporate Gandhian ideals of social reforms in his development programs.Nehru spoke of this mode of development as a third way which takes best from all real strategysthe Russian, the American, and sought to create something suited to 1s own history and philosophy. In the nascent stage of Independence, the Nehruvian socialist model of development gossipmed to have worked well within the social and economic framework of India. simply Nehru to a fault had to face many challenges in the capital punishment of his development model. Nehrus attempt to bring undecomposed bourgeois land reforms was thwarted by a combination of feudal resistance, judicial conservatism, and connivance of state copulation leaderships.Although coition was content to turn out the continuance of semi-feudal rural power, it adopted massive plans for capitalist movement. consonant with this general objective, the ruling elite adopted a plan for heavy industrialization and institutional laterality of capital goods industries through the state welkin, a self-aggrandizingly untried experiment at the succession in the belowdeveloped countries. Indira Gandhi who became Prime Minister subsequentlyward Nehrus demise gave a new populist balance to Ind ian regime.The shift of the intercourse to populist regime quickly set up a new social organisation of political communication in which Indira could directly appeal to electorates. While populist endeavors like Garibi Hatao (remove poverty) and nationalisation of banks brought her good name, she has often been criticized for changing the Congress into a senior high schoolly profoundized and undemocratic troupe organization, from the rather federal, democratic, and ideological formation that Nehru had led. Indiras regime, in my opinion, was the branch of the stage when India started to show its meaningful presence planetaryly.Creation of Bangladesh was the beginning of the Indias assertiveness at international level. Nuclear test conducted in 1974 was the extension of this assertiveness. Ironically Indiras regime w convalescent to a fault go down in history for bringing disrepute to democracy by imposing emergency in the close undemocratic manner. Perhaps it was the first blow to the sum total of democratic model that India followed since independence. The manner in which castigates and liberties, the two eventful tenets of democracy, were suspended during emergency reminds us how an despotical regime can play carnage in peoples minds.The emergency perhaps was the turn point in the Indian democratic history because it paved the way for major political and social shift. It was perhaps the trigger that led to the end of absolute majority era and ignited the undercurrent of regional politics play largely slightly caste and religious lines. Easwaran Sridharan and M. V. Rajeev Gowda however believe that the end of Congresss dominance and fragmentation of the party system have stopped short of undermining the basic power-sharing characteristics of the system and have indeed contri barelyed to democratic consolidation.While the seeds for the counterbalance of one-power dominance were sown during Indiras regime it became to a greater extent than e vident during Rajiv Gandhis tenure as the Prime Minister of India. Some scholars however believe that the decline of unilateral dominance and the emergence of a large number of smaller or regional parties which ensure that state-level elections are vigorously contested have had controlling effects on competition. These developments represent political empowerment of historically marginalized groups and reflect favorably on the ringing of political entrepreneurship.I feel that mushrooming of small regional parties can in addition be attributed to effect of anti-defection law enacted during Rajivs regime. Emergence of regional parties has excessively led to political instability due to opportunist attitude shown by these parties time and again. Rajiv attempted to bring party reforms and rebuild Congress as an organized party. He also played a vital constituent in tackling Punjab line of work that assumed alarming proportion during Indiras regime. Rajiv can also be credited fo r bringing radical status to Panchayati Raj, one of most important tenets of Indian democracy.During Rajivs regime too the essence of democracy looked dismantled characterized by high- outmatch violence against the Sikh community in the aftermath of Indiras character assassination. Coalition politics gained momentum after Rajivs assassination in 1991. Caste and religion became the driver and determinants of Indian politics thereafter. Anti-reservation protest in the aftermath of the implementation of Mandal kick is the stark reminder of the despair that results when the advocates for meritocracy lose their fight against the saviors of petty caste politics. Hindoo nationalist forces too jumped the bandwagon soon and tried to establish their presence in the Indian political arena through much talked about Ram Janmabhumi agenda. We are also witnessing a ikon shift in the redistributive politics wherein leftist forces are happy with a kind of statism that protects the state sector even if it means stifling the symmetricalness of economy. On the other hand the proponents of Mandal disquietude that rolling screen the state on economic reform issues at the moment when Backward Castes (BCs) are getting find to its resources would be exercise in unwholesome faith.Of late, globalization and economic reforms have given a new dimension to Indian politics, and for that matter to Indian democracy. Development has become the main political agenda force caste and religion gimmicks on the spinal columnburner. semipolitical results in two successive elections in Bihar mark the paradigm shift in peoples voting pattern. It shows how voters are trumping the populist agenda in favor of developmental agenda. It bodes well for Indian democracy. The ensuing paragraphs discuss at length achievements, challenges and issues that India faces as democratic nation. condescension the considerable success of the Indian state in holding free and fair elections, sustaining a free press, and dramatically expanding the franschise, the abuse of coercive state power remains one of the major problems. Frequently such power is employ arbitrarily against the poor, minorities, and those who refuse to challenge the states writ. Furthermore, police abuses are more pronounced in poorer states like Bihar and Uttar Pradesh, where standards of obligation are sorely lacking. The evidence from such states of rampant deaths in police custody underscores the gravity of this ill.India as a democratic nation has underachieved when it comes to protecting human rights. gird Forces Special Powers Act 1990 was aimed at containing ethno-religious insurgence in Jammu and Kashmir. It allows armed forces to conduct counter-insurgency operations. Under the garb of this act, security system forces often resort to extrajudicial killings. The 2002 streak of Terrorism Activities Act (POTA), that came into existence in the aftermath of a series of terror acts, was sometimes used again st political opponents and also infringed upon the individual rights and civil liberties of Indian citizen.The profane structure of Indian democracy also looked threatened on many occasions. The project of secularism has increasingly been under threat as communal political orientation and political forces have come to enjoy greater bargain for in society and the polity. The demolition of Babri masjid engineered by Hindu nationalist forces like Bajrang Dal, RSS, and VHP, doesnt augur well for the secular structure of the country.The Hindu nationalists hostility to secularism became evident in a number of different arenas, ranging from a systematic attempt to switch history and socio-science science textbooks to party leaders willingness to countenance far-flung state-sanctioned violence against Muslims, eespecially during bloody disturbances that rocked the Hesperian state of Gujrat. On the positive side, the growth of a superfluity of nongovernmental organizations (NGO) heigh tened on development, along with the growth participation of hitherto quiescent groups, are gradually resulting in a political system that is more accountable to the citizenry.The roles NGOs are playing have the potential to mold the much gather uped developmental path. In times to come, NGOs will play much meaningful role by representing face of common people largely ignored by political entities. However politicization and financial irregularities rampant at these rapidly multiplying NGOs could act as a deterrent to the primary objectives that these nonprofits stand for. At Independence, the imperative for welfare mechanism was open-and-shut due to widespread poverty and lack of food security, specially in the rural areas.Even after lx five years of Independence, a large percentage of Indian population absenticially are motion littleness subsisting below poverty line and incidents of acute food insecurity continue to occur. Since 1985 Kalahandi has been more or less unint erruptedly weathering from food crisis of alarming dimensions and proportions, officially and disarmingly set forth as drought, but unofficially, by critics, as famine. The politics of nomenclature apart, Kalahandi has become a metaphor for smart in several other districts in the more backward hill areas of south-western Orissa.The most ugly part of the Kalahandi starvation issue was highlighted by the Baidyanath Mishra missionary station Report that attributed starvation deaths in the region to a set of issues including corruption, fraud, misuse, wastefulness, and mismanagement of development. Enhancing food security at the household level is an issue of great importance for evolution country like India where millions of poor suffer from lack of purchasing power and malnutrition. Right to food is a part of an overall goal of achieving the right to development.Attainment of self-sufficiency of foodgrains at the national level is one of the large-minded achievements in post-ind ependence period. After remaining a food deficit country for about two decades after independence, India has not nevertheless become self-sufficing in foodgrains but now has a surplus of foodgrains. Despite many poverty alleviation programs initiated since the time of Indira Gandhi, poverty still remains one of the concerns and state and central governments need to look into it. Employment stock warrant schemes like NREGA bring some apprehend even though effective implementation remains largely unaddressed.India has do significant progress in fostering high levels of economic and industrial development. But when it comes to heathenish conflict in India, four sets of causal conditions have commonly combined in different shipway in different areas to produce conflict and violence. First is the fear of assimilation or cultural dilution and unfulfilled national aspiration. Second is the appendage of modernization by motivator large-scale migrations and by raising standards of literacy and aspirations.This process of modernization has not only forced ethnical groups to live closely together and to compete for rewards and resources, but has also sharpened their sociopolitical awareness and increased their capacity to circle for collective action. The third reason is poor development, poverty, exploitation, lack of opportunity, and threats to existing group privileges. Finally, political factors such as endemic bad governance, the growth of anti-secular forces, institutional decay, and vote-bank politics have also contributed to large scale ethnic conflicts.The role of mass media has become more important in todays context. Mass media has played a positive role in highlighting issues of public concern such as corruption, electoral malpractices, and economic instability. Anti-corruption movement launched by social crusader Anna Hazare could become successful due to large scale involvement of mass media. On the flipside politicization and commercialisation of mediums of mass media dont paint rosy stick out for the fourth pillar of Indian democracy. another(prenominal) area where we need to work is the social security for nonunionised workers.The social security problems for unorganized workers in India can be divided into two sets of problems. The first is the capacitance deprivation in terms of curt employment, low earnings, poor health, and educational status which are link to general deprivation of poorer sections of the population. The second is the harm in the sense of absence of adequate fall back mechanisms to meet contingencies such as ill health, accident, death, and old age. Central and state governments also need to focus on social sector by ensuring larger allocation for such expenditure.On human development advocator India is not comfortably placed either. baby mortality rate remains one of the major issues. The relative incidence of child labor is among the highest in the world. Women have significantly higher m orbidity and mortality rates than men. though we have made significant inroads in achieving greater literacy, the numbers dont sound adequate. homosexual development conditions are particularly flagrant in four northern states, Bihar, Rajasthan, UP, and Madhya Pradesh. It becomes apparent that our democratic aspirations are only partly realized.Large scale corruption, communalism, electoral malpractices, perverted forms of Muslim and Hindu radicalism, sponsored terrorism, regional separatist insurgencies, corporate-political nexus, apart from many other things, have been obstructing the Indias journey along the path of democracy. Through a series of economic reforms India has made its presence at international stage, but marginalized sections of Indian society are stock-still to reap substantial benefits from it. Strong political will is needed to put us in the header of successful democratic nations.We also need to get rid of the corrupt hierarchy of bureaucratic structure beca use it acts as a deterrent to the implementation of welfare programs. As the citizen of a democratic nation what hurts me most is the deep rooted corruption, not only because it has become an exercise of power and impunity for many, but also because it has made its locus in the minds of people where it has become standardized. We spent enough time passing the bucks as to which machine/ apparatuses of our social, economic and political systems has/have failed us as the democratic nation.It is not the time to retrospect what we achieved as a democratic nation in the long journey so far, rather it is introspection time for each actor of democracy including politicians, bureaucrats, and off course the most powerful people. This introspection will sure bring the urgency among actors to realize the answerableness they owe to the democratic edifice of India that is standing tall after having weathered challenging times since independence. dissemination of education and emergence of pol itical, social, and economic consciousness among citizens give me hope that India will slowly inch closer to aligning herself ith the essence of true democratic values and ideals. I will choose to finish this multiple sclerosis on a positive note by discharge back to the famous quote of stimulate Emerson Fosdick republic is based upon the conviction that there are extraordinaire(postnominal) possibilities in ordinary people. Bibliography 1. Mehta, P. B. , The Burden of country . Penguin Books, radical Delhi, 2003 2. Frankrel, F. R. , Indias political economy, 1947-2004The Gradual revolution. London Oxford University Press, 2005 3. ibid 4. Karanjia, R. K. , Mind of Mr. Nehru,London Allen & Unwin, 1961 5.Kaviraj, Sudipta, A go over of the Passive Revolution, economic science and policy-making hebdomadary 23 (Nov 1988) 2433 6. Chandra, Bipin, Mukherjee, Aditya, Mukherjee, Mridula. India after Independence, Penguin Books, freshly Delhi, 1999 7. Ganguly, Sumit, Diamond, Larr y and Plattner, Marc F. , The country of Indias majority rule , Oxford University Press, 2009 8. Yadav, Yogendra, Electoral Politics in the Time of trade Indias Third Electoral System, 1998-99, political economy and Political Weekly, August 21-28, 1999 9. Mehta, P. B. , The Burden of country , Penguin Books, newfound Delhi, 2003 10.Genteman, Amelia, Killings in Delhi Slum get wind Unequal evaluator for Indias Poor, International Herald Tribune, January 6, 2007 11. mark the National Human Rights Commission Report for 2004-2005, available at www. nhrc. nic. in 12. Jayal, NirajaGopal, ed. , Democracy in India Oxford University Press, saucy Delhi 13 Ganguly, Sumit The Crisis of Indian Secularism, Journal of Democracy 14, October 2003 14. see Ganguly, Diamond, Plattner 15. see Jayal 16. see Jayal 17. see Jayal 18. Dev, S. Mahendra, Inclusive proceeds in India Agriculture, Poverty, and Developoment Oxford University Press, New Delhi, 2011 19. ee Ganguly, Diamond, Plattner 20. See Dev 21. Atul Kohli, ed. , The Success of Indias Democracy, Cambridge University Press, New Delhi, 2011 1 . P. B. Mehta, The Burden of Democracy (Penguin Books, New Delhi, 2003), 106-107 2 . F. R. Frankel, Indias political economy, 1947-2004The Gradual Revolution (London Oxford University Press, 2005), 4 3 . F. R. Frankel, Indias political economy, 1947-2004The Gradual Revolution (London Oxford University Press, 2005), 25 4 . R. K. Karanjia, Mind of Mr. Nehru (London Allen & Unwin, 1961), 100-101 5 . Sudipta kaviraj. A critique of the Passive Revolution, Economics and Political Weekly 23 (Nov 1988) 2433 6 . Bipan Chandra, Aditya Mukherjee, Mridula Mukherjee. India after Independence (Penguin Books, New Delhi, 1999), Chapters 11, 13 7 . Sumit Ganguly, Larry Diamond, and Marc F. Plattner, The State of Indias Democracy (Oxford University Press, 2009), xviii-xix 8 . Yogendra yadav, Electoral Politics in the Time of Change Indias Third Electoral System, 1998-99, Economics and Po litical Weekly (August 21-28, 1999) 2393-99 9 . P. B. Mehta, The Burden of Democracy (Penguin Books, New Delhi, 2003), 168-169 10 .Amelia Genteman, Killings in Delhi Slum Expose Unequal Justice for Indias Poor, International Herald Tribune (January 6, 2007) 11 . See the National Human Rights Commission Report for 2004-2005, available at www. nhrc. nic. in 12 . NirajaGopal Jayal, ed. , Democracy in India (Oxford University Press, New Delhi, 170 13 . Sumit Ganguly, The Crisis of Indian Secularism, Journal of Democracy 14 (October 2003) 11-25 14 . Sumit Ganguly, Larry Diamond, and Marc F. Plattner, The State of Indias Democracy (Oxford University Press, 2009), xxi-xxii 15 . Jayal, 198 16 . Jayal, 199 17 .NirajaGopal Jayal, ed. , Democracy in India (Oxford University Press, New Delhi, 200 18 . S. Mahendra Dev, Inclusive Growth in India Agriculture, Poverty, and Developoment (Oxford University Press, New Delhi, 201), 101-103 19 . Sumit Ganguly, Larry Diamond, and Marc F. Platt ner, The State of Indias Democracy (Oxford University Press, 2009), 49 20 . S. Mahendra Dev, Inclusive Growth in India Agriculture, Poverty, and Developoment (Oxford University Press, New Delhi, 2011), 201-202 21 . Atul Kohli, ed. , The Success of Indias Democracy (Cambridge University Press, New Delhi, 2011), 211Indian Democracy at CrossroadAvinash Shankar MAD12015 Politics Essay 2 Topic Can post-colonial Indias political experience be characterized as moving towards becoming more democratic Democracy, the form of government where supreme power is directly or indirectly vested in people, has become a global discourse that can be gauged from the fact that many post-colonial countries have adopted it with remarkable success.The dramatic global expansion of democracy in the last few decades in post-colonial countries speak volume of this most popular form of representative government. The ever fluctuating political dynamics coupled with changing socio-economic patterns since Indepen dence has given new meanings to Indian democracy at each stage of its progression. India inherited a colonial state and kept much of its functioning architecture intact. Much of state practice, despite its massive quantitative expansion, is heavily governed by legislation passed somewhere between 1860 and 1947.During the 65-years of long journey, India as a nation has witnessed moments wherein democracy looked to find its true meaning, while moments like national emergency during Indira Gandhis regime qualify as the abysmal low that India touched as democratic nation. Adoption of socialist pattern, the middle path between capitalism and communism, at the early stage of our independence and a series of economic reforms that began in 1980s were primarily targeted at delivering the true essence of democracy in social, economic, and political spheres.This paper is an attempt to answer how Abraham Lincolns notion of democracy as a government of the people, by the people and for the peopl e has been put to test in India on different social, political, and economic parameters at different stages of its progression since independence and whether ever changing political, social and economic dynamics have brought India closer to true democratic model. India retained a deep commitment to principles of parliamentary government during the three decades after independence. Indian leaders described their approach planning nder a democratic pattern of socialism as a new model for Asian and African development. Indias first Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru who set the direction of Indias development during the first fifteen years of freedom, pointed to his country as an area of agreement between opposing ideologies of capitalism on the hand and the communism on the other. Under his leadership, the commitment to democratic social transformation was an integral part of Indias development strategy. Nehru also tried to incorporate Gandhian ideals of social reforms in his development programs.Nehru spoke of this mode of development as a third way which takes best from all existing systemsthe Russian, the American, and sought to create something suited to ones own history and philosophy. In the nascent stage of Independence, the Nehruvian socialist model of development seemed to have worked well within the social and economic framework of India. But Nehru too had to face many challenges in the implementation of his development model. Nehrus attempt to bring serious bourgeois land reforms was thwarted through a combination of feudal resistance, judicial conservatism, and connivance of state Congress leaderships.Although Congress was content to accept the continuance of semi-feudal rural power, it adopted massive plans for capitalist movement. Consistent with this general objective, the ruling elite adopted a plan for heavy industrialization and institutional control of capital goods industries through the state sector, a largely untried experiment at the time in the underdeveloped countries. Indira Gandhi who became Prime Minister after Nehrus demise gave a new populist dimension to Indian politics.The shift of the Congress to populist politics quickly set up a new structure of political communication in which Indira could directly appeal to electorates. While populist endeavors like Garibi Hatao (remove poverty) and nationalization of banks brought her good name, she has often been criticized for changing the Congress into a highly centralized and undemocratic party organization, from the earlier federal, democratic, and ideological formation that Nehru had led. Indiras regime, in my opinion, was the beginning of the stage when India started to show its meaningful presence internationally.Creation of Bangladesh was the beginning of the Indias assertiveness at international level. Nuclear test conducted in 1974 was the extension of this assertiveness. Ironically Indiras regime will also go down in history for bringing disrepute to democracy by imposing emergency in the most undemocratic manner. Perhaps it was the first blow to the essence of democratic model that India followed since independence. The manner in which rights and liberties, the two important tenets of democracy, were suspended during emergency reminds us how an authoritarian regime can play havoc in peoples minds.The emergency perhaps was the turning point in the Indian democratic history because it paved the way for major political and social shift. It was perhaps the trigger that led to the end of absolute majority era and ignited the undercurrent of regional politics played largely around caste and religious lines. Easwaran Sridharan and M. V. Rajeev Gowda however believe that the end of Congresss dominance and fragmentation of the party system have stopped short of undermining the basic power-sharing characteristics of the system and have indeed contributed to democratic consolidation.While the seeds for the decline of one-power dominance were sown during Indiras regime it became more apparent during Rajiv Gandhis tenure as the Prime Minister of India. Some scholars however believe that the decline of one-party dominance and the emergence of a large number of smaller or regional parties which ensure that state-level elections are vigorously contested have had positive effects on competition. These developments represent political empowerment of historically marginalized groups and reflect favorably on the vibrancy of political entrepreneurship.I feel that mushrooming of small regional parties can also be attributed to effect of anti-defection law enacted during Rajivs regime. Emergence of regional parties has also led to political instability due to opportunist attitude shown by these parties time and again. Rajiv attempted to bring party reforms and rebuild Congress as an organized party. He also played a vital role in tackling Punjab problem that assumed alarming proportion during Indiras regime. Rajiv can also be credited f or bringing constitutional status to Panchayati Raj, one of most important tenets of Indian democracy.During Rajivs regime too the essence of democracy looked dismantled characterized by high-scale violence against the Sikh community in the aftermath of Indiras assassination. Coalition politics gained momentum after Rajivs assassination in 1991. Caste and religion became the driver and determinants of Indian politics thereafter. Anti-reservation protest in the aftermath of the implementation of Mandal Commission is the stark reminder of the despair that results when the advocates for meritocracy lose their battle against the saviors of petty caste politics.Hindu nationalist forces too jumped the bandwagon soon and tried to establish their presence in the Indian political arena through much talked about Ram Janmabhumi agenda. We are also witnessing a paradigm shift in the redistributive politics wherein leftist forces are happy with a kind of statism that protects the state sector ev en if it means stifling the rest of economy. On the other hand the proponents of Mandal fear that rolling back the state on economic reform issues at the moment when Backward Castes (BCs) are getting access to its resources would be exercise in bad faith.Of late, globalization and economic reforms have given a new dimension to Indian politics, and for that matter to Indian democracy. Development has become the main political agenda pushing caste and religion gimmicks on the backburner. Political results in two successive elections in Bihar mark the paradigm shift in peoples voting pattern. It shows how voters are trumping the populist agenda in favor of developmental agenda. It augurs well for Indian democracy. The ensuing paragraphs discuss at length achievements, challenges and issues that India faces as democratic nation.Despite the considerable success of the Indian state in holding free and fair elections, sustaining a free press, and dramatically expanding the franschise, the abuse of coercive state power remains one of the major problems. Frequently such power is used arbitrarily against the poor, minorities, and those who dare to challenge the states writ. Furthermore, police abuses are more pronounced in poorer states like Bihar and Uttar Pradesh, where standards of accountability are sorely lacking. The evidence from such states of rampant deaths in police custody underscores the gravity of this ill.India as a democratic nation has underachieved when it comes to protecting human rights. Armed Forces Special Powers Act 1990 was aimed at containing ethno-religious insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir. It allows armed forces to conduct counter-insurgency operations. Under the garb of this act, security forces often resort to extrajudicial killings. The 2002 Prevention of Terrorism Activities Act (POTA), that came into existence in the aftermath of a series of terror acts, was sometimes used against political opponents and also infringed upon the individual r ights and civil liberties of Indian citizen.The secular structure of Indian democracy also looked threatened on many occasions. The project of secularism has increasingly been under threat as communal ideology and political forces have come to enjoy greater purchase in society and the polity. The demolition of Babri Masjid engineered by Hindu nationalist forces like Bajrang Dal, RSS, and VHP, doesnt augur well for the secular structure of the country.The Hindu nationalists hostility to secularism became evident in a number of different arenas, ranging from a systematic attempt to alter history and socio-science science textbooks to party leaders willingness to countenance widespread state-sanctioned violence against Muslims, especially during bloody disturbances that rocked the western state of Gujrat. On the positive side, the growth of a plethora of nongovernmental organizations (NGO) focused on development, along with the growing participation of hitherto quiescent groups, are gr adually resulting in a political system that is more accountable to the citizenry.The roles NGOs are playing have the potential to reshape the much needed developmental path. In times to come, NGOs will play much meaningful role by representing face of common people largely ignored by political entities. However politicization and financial irregularities rampant at these rapidly multiplying NGOs could act as a deterrent to the primary objectives that these nonprofits stand for. At Independence, the imperative for welfare mechanism was obvious due to widespread poverty and lack of food security, specially in the rural areas.Even after sixty five years of Independence, a large percentage of Indian population officially are still subsisting below poverty line and incidents of acute food insecurity continue to occur. Since 1985 Kalahandi has been more or less uninterruptedly suffering from food crisis of alarming dimensions and proportions, officially and disarmingly described as droug ht, but unofficially, by critics, as famine. The politics of nomenclature apart, Kalahandi has become a metaphor for hunger in several other districts in the more backward hill areas of south-western Orissa.The most ugly part of the Kalahandi starvation issue was highlighted by the Baidyanath Mishra Commission Report that attributed starvation deaths in the region to a set of issues including corruption, fraud, misuse, wastefulness, and mismanagement of development. Enhancing food security at the household level is an issue of great importance for developing country like India where millions of poor suffer from lack of purchasing power and malnutrition. Right to food is a part of an overall goal of achieving the right to development.Attainment of self-sufficiency of foodgrains at the national level is one of the big achievements in post-independence period. After remaining a food deficit country for about two decades after independence, India has not only become self-sufficient in f oodgrains but now has a surplus of foodgrains. Despite many poverty alleviation programs initiated since the time of Indira Gandhi, poverty still remains one of the concerns and state and central governments need to look into it. Employment guarantee schemes like NREGA bring some hope even though effective implementation remains largely unaddressed.India has made significant progress in fostering high levels of economic and industrial development. But when it comes to ethnic conflict in India, four sets of causal conditions have usually combined in different ways in different areas to produce conflict and violence. First is the fear of assimilation or cultural dilution and unfulfilled national aspiration. Second is the process of modernization by inducing large-scale migrations and by raising standards of literacy and aspirations.This process of modernization has not only forced ethnic groups to live closely together and to compete for rewards and resources, but has also sharpened t heir sociopolitical awareness and increased their capacity to mobilize for collective action. The third reason is unequal development, poverty, exploitation, lack of opportunity, and threats to existing group privileges. Finally, political factors such as endemic bad governance, the growth of anti-secular forces, institutional decay, and vote-bank politics have also contributed to large scale ethnic conflicts.The role of mass media has become more important in todays context. Mass media has played a positive role in highlighting issues of public concern such as corruption, electoral malpractices, and economic instability. Anti-corruption movement launched by social crusader Anna Hazare could become successful due to large scale involvement of mass media. On the flipside politicization and commercialization of mediums of mass media dont paint rosy picture for the fourth pillar of Indian democracy. Another area where we need to work is the social security for unorganized workers.The s ocial security problems for unorganized workers in India can be divided into two sets of problems. The first is the capability deprivation in terms of inadequate employment, low earnings, poor health, and educational status which are related to general deprivation of poorer sections of the population. The second is the adversity in the sense of absence of adequate fall back mechanisms to meet contingencies such as ill health, accident, death, and old age. Central and state governments also need to focus on social sector by ensuring larger allocation for such expenditure.On human development index India is not comfortably placed either. Infant mortality rate remains one of the major issues. The incidence of child labor is among the highest in the world. Women have significantly higher morbidity and mortality rates than men. Though we have made significant inroads in achieving greater literacy, the numbers dont sound adequate. Human development conditions are particularly egregious in four northern states, Bihar, Rajasthan, UP, and Madhya Pradesh. It becomes apparent that our democratic aspirations are only partly realized.Large scale corruption, communalism, electoral malpractices, perverted forms of Muslim and Hindu radicalism, sponsored terrorism, regional separatist insurgencies, corporate-political nexus, apart from many other things, have been obstructing the Indias journey along the path of democracy. Through a series of economic reforms India has made its presence at international stage, but marginalized sections of Indian society are yet to reap substantial benefits from it. Strong political will is needed to put us in the forefront of successful democratic nations.We also need to get rid of the corrupt hierarchy of bureaucratic structure because it acts as a deterrent to the implementation of welfare programs. As the citizen of a democratic nation what hurts me most is the deep rooted corruption, not only because it has become an exercise of power and impunity for many, but also because it has made its locus in the minds of people where it has become standardized. We spent enough time passing the bucks as to which apparatus/ apparatuses of our social, economic and political systems has/have failed us as the democratic nation.It is not the time to retrospect what we achieved as a democratic nation in the long journey so far, rather it is introspection time for each actor of democracy including politicians, bureaucrats, and off course the most powerful people. This introspection will surely bring the urgency among actors to realize the accountability they owe to the democratic edifice of India that is standing tall after having weathered challenging times since independence. Spread of education and emergence of political, social, and economic consciousness among citizens give me hope that India will slowly inch closer to aligning herself ith the essence of true democratic values and ideals. 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